Quantcast
Channel: Mavi Boncuk
Viewing all 3433 articles
Browse latest View live

1914 | Hammals of Istanbul

0
0
Mavi Boncuk |


Constantinople hammals as described in The National Geographic, December 1914

Chickens en route to market: Constantinople

"Often as many as 150,000 persons, of every race and of every region, clad in every kind of human garment, and representing every graduation of human rank, traverse the Galata bridge in a single day. There are no rules of the road. Carriage, beast, and pedestrian mix up in a hopeless jumble, the latter plunging into a tumultuous living mass, dodging hither and thither, stopping now and rushing on again, and finally, as though by a miracle, emerging unharmed at the other end."


A Porter, or Hamal: Constantinople

"Practically all the work of the city is done by outsiders, and each kind of work, as the reader may have already gathered, is done chiefly by men from a certain "country". So it is that the men who sell ice-cream in the streets are Albaniana, Christian and Mohammedan, from the region of Uskub; that the layers of pavement are Mohammedan Albanians of the south; that railroad navies- or those of the Roumelian Railroad- are Christian Albanians from the dame region; that bath men are Turks from Sivas; that street porters are Kurds or Asia Minor Turks, according to the kind of load they carry; that most boatmen are from the Black Sea coast and so on indefinitely. "



Maona of Chios

0
0
The coat of arms of the Genoan Alberghi, Giustiniani.

Mavi Boncuk |

A maona (Arabic: معونة‎ ma‘ūnah 'help', Arabic: معاونة‎ mu‘āwanah 'mutual help') or Societas comperarum was a medieval Italian association of investors formed to manage the purchased shares (loca or partes) of the revenue due to the relevant city-state through tax farming; the shares were individually sold to wealthy merchants, but the collection could be difficult and so these merchants would band together.

Historically the most famous Maona was that of Chios. The Genoese authorities of Chios and their Greek subjects (who constituted the majority of island’s population - 80%) were subjects of the Republic of Genoa. Initially, many of the Mahona associates and therefore members of the island’s administration were citizens as well as inhabitants of Genoa. The members of the company for more than two centuries were entitled to the revenues deriving from the natural or economic resources of the island. In return they had to pay an annual tribute to Genoa.
After two years, the original shareholders that lived in Genoa sold their shares to some colonists that already lived in Chios or to some Genoese citizens that migrated to the island. These new members constituted the New Mahona that was also subsequently became known as the Mahona (or Maona) of the Giustiniani. Since the Republic was unable to redeem the island from the Giustiniani, Chios remained in their possession till its final fall to the Turks. In the mean-time the Mahonesi had to pay tributes to Genoa, at the beginning to the Byzantine emperor John V Palaiologos in 1363 and finally to the Turks.

The Justinians with their Maona governed Chios, appointing a commissioner and commanding 52 military Genuates in the island: during these years (1346-1566), the trade revived and the island enjoyed huge prosperity. The Mahona of Chios ended its activities in 1566 when the Turks invaded and occupied the island. Piale Pasha annexed it to the Ottoman empire in 1566. The sultan had a good pretext for putting an end to the government of the Justiniani, for the island served as a place of refuge for fugitive slaves, and of refreshment for Christian corsairs.

The model proved successful and in 1373 the Genoese also founded the "Maona Vecchia di Cipro" in Cyprus.

The libro d’Oro of Genoa contains some of the Chian families of Greek descent, registered with the 28 Alberghi associations that could participate in the Republic’s administration after 1528. These families had acquired blood relations with some of the noble Genoese family by intermarriage.

MLKP Marxist-Leninist Communist Party

0
0
Pictured London Demonstrations of MLKP.

Mavi Boncuk | 

MLKP Marxist-Leninist Communist Party (Marksist-Leninist Komünist Partisi in Turkish, abbreviated as MLKP) is an underground Anti-Revisionist Marxist-Leninist and Hoxhaist communist party in Turkey. 

MLKP was formed in September 1994, through the unification of Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist-Leninist - Hareketi (TKP/ML-Hareketi) and Communist Workers Movement of Turkey (TKİH). 

TKP/ML-Hareketi was the larger of the two. Both groups came from the pro-Albanian camp. The unity process of negotiations between the groups had started in 1989. Initially MLKP called itself 'MLKP-Kuruluş' (MLKP-Foundation). HK

Book | Ottoman Era Porters of Istanbul

0
0

Mavi Boncuk |Osmanli Doneminde Istanbul Hamallari
Ertug, Nejdet[1]

Published by Timas Yayinlari, 2008
ISBN 10: 9752637671 / ISBN 13: 9789752637672


See also:
Osmanlı Döneminde İstanbul Deniz Ulaşımı ve Kayıkçılar, Kültür Bakanlığı, Ankara 2001.
Makaleler:

"Osmanlı Deniz Yolları", Türk Dünyası Kültür Atlası, c. 2, İstanbul 2000.

"Osmanlı Mezar Taşları", Osmanlı, Ankara 1999, c. 9, s. 223-229.

[1] Doç.Dr. Hüseyin Nejdet ERTUĞ
Faculty of Arts and Sciences | Philosophy
nertug(at)sakarya.edu.tr


1980 - 1985
UndergraduateTheology Kalam and Islamic Philosophy ANKARA UNIVERSITY
MScHistory SAKARYA UNIVERSITY- 2000
PhDSocial Structure and Social Change İSTANBUL UNIVERSITY
1995 Associate Professorship
Osmanlı Kurumlar ve Medeniyeti TarihiSAKARYA UNIVERSITY


Ayia Euphemie

0
0
Kemal Atatürk Lisesi a high school in Istanbul, formerly Lycée Sainte-Euphémie where my mother was educated. (Search Mavi Boncuk for Lycée Sainte-Euphémie)

 The Great Martyr Euphemia (Greek: Ευφημία), known as the All-praised in the Orthodox Church is a Christian saint, who was martyred for her faith at Chalcedon, c. 304-307 AD.The Council of Chalcedon, the Fourth Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church, took place in the city of Chalcedon in the year 451. It repudiated the Eutychian doctrine ofmonophysitism, and set forth the Chalcedonian Definition, which describes the "full humanity and full divinity" of Jesus Christ, the Second Person of the Holy Trinity. Around the year 620, in the wake of the conquest of Chalcedon by the Persians under Khosrau I in the year 617, the relics[1] of Saint Euphemia were transferred to a new church in Constantinople. There, during the persecutions of the Iconoclasts, her reliquary was said to have been thrown into the sea, from which it was recovered by the ship-owning brothers Sergius and Sergonos, who belonged to the Orthodox party, and who gave it over to the local bishop who hid them in a secret crypt. The relics were afterwards taken to the Island of Lemnos, and in 796 they were returned to Constantinople. The majority of her relics are still in the Patriarchal Church of St. George, in Istanbul.







Mavi Boncuk | Agia Efimia of Kadikoy
Kadıköy Euphemia Greek Orthodox Church: The ancient church in Kadıköy market is dedicated to Saint Euphemia, who is a widely venerated saint among all Eastern Orthodox Christians, not only for her virginity and martyrdom, but also for her strengthening of the Orthodox Faith.

Euphemia was subjected to harsh tortures for converting to Christianity. When she died of serious wounds, she was buried in Chalcedon between 304 and 307 AD. After The Council of Chalcedon, the fourth Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church, which took place in the city of Chalcedon in 451 AD, Euphemia was declared saint protector of Orthodox Church. It is known that the original church dedicated to Saint Euphemia was looted and destroyed during the Persian invasions around 626. The current church was built by the Metropolitan (Archbishop) Gabriel of Chalcedon in 1694. In 1830, Metropolitan Zaharias II ofChalcedon extended the church through the financial support he received fromRussia. The structure underwent renovations with the contributions of Archbishop Iokem III and opened to service again on the 1st of April 1993. The church has a Greek cross layout, which is a common feature of Byzantine architecture. 


[1] Eski kaynaklar bu azizenin adına İstanbul’da bugün mevcut olmayan 4 kilise daha olduğundan bahsederler. Bunların içinde en önemlisi Sultanahmed’de Hipodrom yakınında olanıdır. Azize’nin röliklerinin de bulunduğu bu kilisedeki rölikler İkonoklast dönemde İmparatorun emriyle buradan kaldırılmıştır. Daha sonra 798’de İmparatoriçe Eirene rölikleri törenle geri getirmiştir. Diğer kiliselerin Olibreu (Şehzadebaşı), Petrion (Cibali civarı) ve Petra (Edirnekapı civarı) da olduğu söylenir. 

A Tashnak Rebel Gang of Yozgat

0
0
Several senior Ottoman officials were put on trial in Turkey in 1919-20 in connection with the atrocities. A local governor, Mehmed Kemal, was found guilty and hanged for the mass killing of Armenians in the central Anatolian district of Yozgat. The Young Turks' top triumvirate - the "Three Pashas" - had already fled abroad. They were sentenced to death in absentia. Historians have questioned the judicial procedures at these trials, the quality of the evidence presented and the degree to which the Turkish authorities may have wished to appease the victorious Allies.


Pictured A Tashnak Rebel Gang of Yozgat


Mavi Boncuk |

“İttihat ve terakki Fırkası’nın tecavüzi bir Türk sosyalizmi ihdasına çalışmakta olduğu ve bunun diğer siyasî fırkalar ve bilhassa anâsır-ı muhtelifeye karşı pek mühlik ve muzır bulunduğu nazar-ı itibara alınarak Sosyal Demokrat ve Hınçakyan Komitesi’nin Yedinci Murahhaslar Meclis-i Umûmîsi, bütün hey’et-i Fa’alesini mezkûr fırka ile teşrik-i mesaiye kat’iyen men’etmeğe ve mezkûr cemiyete karşı mücadele ederek onu iskat ve müzmail etmek için icap eden hiçbir sâ’y-ü gayreti diriğ etmemeğe karar vermiştir. Kezalik, mezkûr fırkayı mağlûp etmek için bilûmum komitelerin tevhid-i faaliyet eylemeleri iktiza etmekte olduğunu derpîş ederek, İdare-i Merkeziye ile Komite Hey’etlerine, İttihat ve Terakki Fırkası’na karşı daima muzır ve muazzeb şeraitle ittifaklar akdine müsaade etmeği taht-ı karara almıştır.”

Ermeni komitacılar için sosyalizm gibi, İttihat ve Terakki ile dayanışmak da sadece bir araçtı. Asıl amaç Büyük Ermenistan'ın kurulmasıydı. Nitekim, Hınçak Komitesi’nin 17 Eylül 1913’te Köstence’de toplanan 7. Kongresi’nde, İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti ile ittifak kurmamak, İttihat ve Terakki aleyhinde çalışmak, İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’ne muhalif olan ittifaklara dâhil olmak kararı alınmıştı:

Ermeni sosyalistleri ile İttihat ve Terakki üyelerinin uzun zamandır birlikte hareket ettiğini görüyoruz. Nitekim, Abidin Nesimi 1901 yılında Paris'te toplanan Osmanlı Muhalifin Kongresine, Ermeni sosyalist Malumian (Malumyan) Efendi'nin de katıldığını aktarmaktadır.

Sultan Abdülhamit muhalifleri, Paris'te 27-29 Aralık 1907 tarihleri arasında, “2. Osmanlı Liberaller Kongresi” adıyla bir toplantı daha düzenlediler. Bu toplantıya Sultan Abdülhamit muhalifi matbuat organlarının temsilcileri katıldı. 

Bu yayın organları arasında Ermeni komitacısı yayın organlarını da görüyoruz: Ermeni Devrimci Örgütü Federasyonu Taşnaksutyun yayın organı Troşak; Marsilya'da[1] basılan Ermenia dergisinin temsilcisi heyet.

[1] Armenians in France have had a long history of settlement. Leo V, the last Armenian king was buried in St. Denis. An Armenian-style church at Germigny-des-Prés south of Pithiviers on the River Loire is one of the examples of early contacts between the French and Armenian people dating back to between the 10th and 12th centuries, where Armenian architect Oton Matsaetsi, built the Church of Germigny des Pres in the early ninth century. 

After the end of WWI, many Armenian survivors, including orphans, lived in the French-occupied part of the Ottoman Empire, Cilicia and the future French Mandate territories of Syria and Lebanon. When French troops, attacked by the Kemalist armies, retreated in 1921 behind the present-day Turkish-Syrian border, including the Sanjak of Alexandretta, after the Treaty of Ankara (October 1921), most Cilician Armenians fled alongside them and were resettled in refugee camps in Alexandretta, Aleppo, the Beqaa Valley (e.g. Anjar) and Beirut. From there, entire families took the opportunity to flee to France. The Armenian refugees and orphans crammed into Turkey, Egypt and Lebanon, arrived by the boatloads to Marseilles and journeyed to the mines and factories around Marseilles, Valence, Grenoble, Lyons and Paris. There, a quarter of a million Armenians settled down into tight little communities of between 2,000 and 4,000 people. The foundations of the Armenian community in France had been set.

Altyazi Publications on Turkish Cinema | PDF Downloads

0
0
Mavi Boncuk |
Mental Minefields: The Dark Tales of Zeki Demirkubuz, Lincoln Center (New York)
Edited by Zeynep Dadak and Enis Köstepen (2007)
Altyazı organized a Zeki Demirkubuz retrospective in collaboration with New York-based ArteEast and The Moon and Stars Project, and published a book about the director’s filmography.
turkish-cinema-now
Turkish Cinema Now, CinemaEast Festivali (New York)
Edited by Övgü Gökçe (2007)
A booklet focusing on recent Turkish cinema, published in conjunction with ArteEast’s second Biennial CinemaEast Film Festival.
young-turkish-cinema
Young Turkish Cinema, 38. International Rotterdam Film Festival
Edited by Senem Aytaç and Gözde Onaran (2009)
In collaboration with International Film Festival Rotterdam, Altyazı made a selection including keyworks of independent Turkish cinema from 1990s onwards. The program entitled ‘Young Turkish Cinema’ was also presented in Crossing Europe Festival in Linz. The booklet that accompanied the program has a special emphasis on six films made by new generation filmmakers from Turkey.
abu-dhabi
New Cinema from Turkey, 3. Middle East International Film Festival, Abu Dhabi
Edited by Senem Aytaç and Gözde Onaran (2009)
Altyazı curated a contemporary Turkish cinema program for the Middle East International Film Festival in Abu Dhabi, accompanied by a booklet in English and Arabic.
cinema-turkey
Cinema Turkey: New Times, New Tendencies, 62. Cannes Film Festival
Edited by Gözde Onaran and Fırat Yücel (2011)
Distributed at the Turkish pavilion during the 62. Cannes Film Festival, the book features intensive analyses on certain tendencies of the post 2000 Turkish cinema.

Vahan Cardashian Redux

0
0
See this PDF for "Land Grabbing War, says Turk's Friend". May 30, 1912 article on the occupation of Tripoli.

Forget about the reality television star Kim K(C)ardashian. Let's see the former Consul of the Ottoman Empire in Washington, a much more interesting Vahan Cardashian[1]



Mavi Boncuk |

I Bet You did not Know that The Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA) is the outgrowth of the American Committee for the Independence of Armenia (ACIA) which founded after World War I by Vahan Cardashian, the former Consul of the Ottoman Empire in Washington. Many prominent American and Allied leaders including James W. Gerard [2], former U.S. Ambassador to Germany who served as president of the ACIA, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Charles Evans Hughes (later appointed Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court), Elihu Root and others participated to this organization. The goal of ACIA was the independent Wilsonian Armenia. The ACIA had a Central Office in New York City and 23 regional offices in 13 states.


[1] Vahan Cardashian was born around 1880 in Kayseri/Gesaria, Turkey. Cardashian made his way to the United States in 1902 by marrying an older American. After graduating with a law degree from Yale in 1908 he went on to open a successful legal practice in New York and was a colleague of Armen Karo (Armenia’s Ambassador to the United States of America and soon to direct the hit man squad NEMESIS). From 1911 to 1915, Cardashian represented the Ottoman Embassy and its New York consulate. He resigned his post in 1915 when he claimed that his mother and sister were among the victims of the 1915 Genocide [*]; soon he became active in the American Committee for an Independent Armenia (ACIA).”
James H. Tashjian [**], "Life and Papers of Vahan Cardashian, Armenian Review 10, no. 1 (Spring, 1957): 8.


In 1918 Vahan Cardashian was appointed director of the A.R.F. central committee media office. During this period he closed his private practice and allocated his time and wealth of $40,000 to the Armenian Cause. Cardashian even went after die-hard friends of Armenians, such as the Rev. James Barton and President Woodrow Wilson (see "Wilson, the Wrecker of Armenia"), when these folks would not go far enough for Hai Tahd. In 1934 at the age of 51, Vahan Cardashian died in long island. Although he was not able to shift US policy against collaboration with Kemalist Turkey, his efforts helped lead to such successes as Woodrow Wilson’s push for a viable Armenia in the Treaty of Sevres, official White House recognition of the Armenian Republic and the blocking of American ratification of the Treaty of Lausanne.


[2] James Watson Gerard (August 25, 1867 - September 6, 1951) was a U.S. lawyer and diplomat. He was appointed to the New York Supreme Court in 1908, where he served as associate justice. Under President Woodrow Wilson, he served as the American Ambassador to Germany from 1913 to 1917. The German government asked him to leave in January of 1917. He left Germany in February, and retired from diplomatic service entirely in July of that year. An ardent Turcophobe, interestingly Gerard once said in a speech: "The Foreign Minister of Germany once said to me your country does not dare do anything against Germany, because we have in your country five hundred thousand Germans reservists [emigrants] who will rise in arms against your government if you dare to make a move against Germany. Well, I told him that that might be so, but that we had five hundred thousand and one lamp posts in this country, and that that was where the reservists would be hanging the day after they tried to rise."
George H. Doran Company were the American publishers for a large number of British authors and as part of the World War I war propaganda, the company was the major source for Allied literature. Doran published a number of other books on the War including two by James W. Gerard. George H. Doran Company merged with Doubleday, Page & Company in 1927, making "Doubleday, Doran" the largest publishing business in the English-speaking world and the Doran name disappeared in 1946 when the company became known simply as "Doubleday & Company."


[3] James Harutune Tashjian (b. 1922- d. Nov. 29, 2006), better known as Jimmy Tashjian, the chief editor of the Hairenik/Armenian Weekly for more than 3 decades.
[*] He was caught spying and was fired in late October 1915. See "Life and Papers of Vahan Cardashian, Armenian Review, 10:3-39 Aut. 1957, p. 104.)
[**] James Harutune Tashjian (b. 1922-d.
Nov. 29, 2006), better known as Jimmy Tashjian, the chief editor of the Hairenik/Armenian Weekly for more than 3 decades.

See also: Vahan Cardashian: Advocate Extraordinaire for the Armenian Cause,” compiled by Vartkes Yeghiayan 400 pp. CAR Publishing, $25.00  

16:9 from Bosporus Bridge

0
0
Telephoto lens photography adds insult to common sense. This is not a historic silhouette. If you know where Suleymanieh Mosque you can see from the following map that it is not a credible assumption, provided if you do have telescoping eyes.Compared to the dome height of the mosque (53m.) and Minaret height (72m.) the 90 m. tall 16:9 can only be perceived at about 42m. next to the mosque and is lower than the dome.
.
Mavi Boncuk |

The Turkish Cultural Foundation Videos

0
0
Mavi Boncuk |The Turkish Cultural Foundation (TCF) is pleased to share the uploading of the 100th lecture video on the TCF Video Gallery this week.
Available for online viewing, the lecture videos feature renowned experts on a wide variety of Turkish cultural topics, including art, music, history, architecture, cuisine and many more.


The videos are recordings of lectures organized as part of the TCF Lecture Series on Turkish Art and Culture at the TCF Istanbul office since 2007 and lectures on Turkish culinary culture at the TCF Culinary Arts Center-YESAM since 2012.

Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux. 1900

0
0
Mavi Boncuk | 

Édouard Chavannes (1865–1918) was a French sinologist. He is the writer of a seminal detailed study of Tang historical texts on the Turks, (Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux. 1900)[1].


DOCUMENTS sur les TOU-KIUE (TURCS) OCCIDENTAUX, par Edouard Chavannes (French Edition) Download PDF

Calendars make the time systematic. The work of measuring the time deals mostly with celestial events and celestial body. The Turks has also developed a twelve-year animal cycle calendar on their own to measure the time. In this calendar, they named each year – a total of 12- an animal. Each 12 year period was called “müçe/müçö/müşel/müçöl”. In Turkoman and Kırghızs and Kazakhs, the names “yıl övürmek”, “jıl gayıruw”, “cıl sürüü” were given for counting of the year. Based on their observations, the Turks have given information both about the features of each year and about the effects of those years on human character.

See Also: Le cycle Turc des douze animaux / par Edouard Chavannes
Chavannes, Edouard, 1865-1918 Leiden : E.J. Brill, 1906. 74 p., 18 leaves of plates : ill. ; 25 cm. | Includes bibliographical references.

Make Mine Mint

0
0
Mavi Boncuk | 

The former Goldman Sachs economist Jim O’Neill will forever be associated with the term BRIC, which he coined as an acronym for Brazil, Russia, India and China (now commonly bracketed with South Africa to make BRICS). The term caught on and has been common parlance for a decade now. And now O’Neill, though no longer with Goldman, has a new one: the MINT countries, Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey - as emerging economic giants. 

 "...But beyond all of this is the broader point of whether being the next BRICs is a good thing anyway. O’Neill, of course, is painting an economic picture that will take shape over decades and generations; his observations should be seen in that very long-term light. But for ordinary investors, perhaps hoping to invest in the stock markets of these countries, it is worth noting that BRIC equities have lagged the developed world for several years now and are very likely to do so again in 2014 (see my most recent article on the outlook for BRICs). All four BRICs face considerable economic challenges of one kind or another, and even when they’re growing fast, that does not necessarily equate to good growth in stock markets. The picture may be worse still in the debt markets, with emerging market debt considered to be particularly vulnerable to tapering in the US." FORBES

World Design Rankings : Years 2010 - 2014

0
0
A' Design Award and Competition aims to highlight the excellent qualifications of best designs, design concepts and design oriented products worldwide.Submit Your Designs
The primary aim of the award is to create publicity, PR push and advertisement opportunities for award winners while supporting the global design culture, creating incentives for entrants to come up with superior designs for a better future.

A' Design Awards is a premier annual juried design competition that honors the best designers, architects, engineers, design studios and design oriented companies worldwide to provide them publicity, fame and recognition. A' Design Award and Competitions are organized and awarded annually and internationally in a wide range of categories. Every year, projects that focus on innovation, technology, design and creativity are awarded with the A' Award.

Mavi Boncuk |

Current Aggregated World Design Rankings : Years 2010 - 2014


RankCountryAwardsScoreAverage
1United States of America1124149262330243.70
2Turkey893538272218143.97
3Hong Kong813237232612133.99
4Italy712721016178203.83
5Great Britain55217712187113.95
6Japan4521914197234.87
7Brazil3915851012664.05
8China351434118844.09
9Germany331191711683.61
10Republic of Korea2694348293.62


Turkey Design Rankings : Years 2010 - 2014

To learn more about the designers, please click on their names.
RankCountryAwardsScoreAverage
2Turkey893538272218143.97
RankName SurnameAwardsScoreAverage
1Hakan Gürsu (TR)33128399573.88
2Vestel Id Team (TR)13581723-4.46
3Tolga Berkay (TR)626211114.33
4Ayhan Guneri (TR)417-211-4.25
5Valfsel Design Team (TR)3141-2--4.67
6K.i.d (kale Design & Innovation) (TR)3121-1-14.00
7Yasemin Ulukan (TR)210-2---5.00
8Taris Zeytin a.s (TR)29-11--4.50
9Serhat Apak & Burhan Özugur (TR)29-11--4.50
10Tan Mavitan (TR)15-1---5.00
11Ece-Oguz Yalim (TR)15-1---5.00
12Polimeks Construction (TR)15-1---5.00
13Craft312 Studio Partnership (TR)15-1---5.00
14Emre Bakir (TR)14--1--4.00
15Mahmut Baytas (TR)14--1--4.00
16Ahmet Burak Aktas, Salih Berk Ilhan, Adem Önalan, Burak Söylemez(TR)14--1--4.00
17Salih Berk Ilhan (TR)14--1--4.00
18Rahsan Akin (TR)13---1-3.00
19Ece Cokca (TR)13---1-3.00
20Ozgu Gundeslioglu (TR)13---1-3.00
About Turkey Design Rankings List: The list above displays the best designers in Turkey, based on the number of design awards won in a wide-range of design competition categories. The number one ranked spot in this list is therefore the answer to the question: "Who is the best designer in Turkey?". Award winning designers from Turkey are ranked based on the number of design awards won between years 2010 to 2014 in the international juried design awards and competitions.

1923 | Exile of Samsoun Greeks

0
0



Mavi Boncuk |
Samsun (Samsoun) Greeks  exchanged to Greece 1923. Picture showing a raft full of Greeks towed to the ships that will take them to Greece.

After the Asia Minor disaster in 1922, the Greek population  had to leave Turkish soil. Most of them were women and children, who left in boats for Greece during the last months of 1922 [1] and the first months of 1923. Few were left to deport later with the regular population exchange in 1924. The refugees of Samsun were relocated in the larger centers of the country Athens, Pireus, Thessaloniki, but many at the tobacco producing areas of Drama and Kavala.

[1] The 11 June 1922 Bombardment of Samsun was  carried out by the United States Navy and the Greek Navy. The ships fired 400 rounds at the town, in return the single Turkish cannon in the town fired back 25 rounds. The bombardment lasted almost three hours (15:02-18:00).

There were several reasons for the bombardment. One of them was to assist Greek rebels, fighting Turkish forces in the area. Another reason was to disrupt consignment of weapons and ammunition into inner Anatolia. Moreover Turkish sailing boats were taking over Greek ships in the Black Sea and were putting them in Turkish service. Recently a large Greek ship named Enosis had been taken over by one Turkish officer and five soldiers on 25 April 1922. At the end, the attack could not wreak any damage to the Turkish logistical system or military material, though it caused damage to civilian properties and loss of civilian lives. The ships stayed in Samsun until being recalled back to Constantinople. Around eight o'clock pm admiral Robert L. Ghormley went ashore, accompanied by a pharmacist, to see if any Americans were injured or dead.

The New York Times reported about the incident on 11 June 1922, stating that the Greeks claim the firing was directed against the ammunition dumps. The newspaper further mentioned that few lives were lost and the warehouse of the American Tobacco Company was slightly damaged. The New York Times published another article about the incident on 12 June. The article wrote that the commander of an American torpedo boat destroyer at Samsun reported, contrary to the Greek report, there were 90 casualties as a result of the bombardment and a portion of the town was destroyed. The ammunition depots belonging to the Turks, which were situated three miles inland, were not damaged.
Civilian properties damaged or destroyed by the bombardment include:The governor´s office destroyed, the house of the Grek priest partially damaged, three houses belonging to local Greeks destroyed, one shop (Alston) partially damaged, one shop belonging to a Greek destroyed (value of loss 30,000 liras), 25-26 houses belonging to Turks destroyed, 19 houses belonging to Turks damaged, 19 barges damaged (cost of repairs 1,500 liras), Armenian church and its orphanage damaged, one sentry house destroyed, a depot belonging to the local merchants destroyed, gasoline and kerosene in the petroleum depot belonging to the municipality burned off: 9,496 tinplate containers of American kerosene, 19,800 tinplate containers of Russian kerosene, 41,700 tinplate containers of kerosene, 6,000 kg Russian gasoline, 33,000 kg gasoline belonging to the municipality and 38,368 kg mercantile gasoline).As a result of the bombardment, there were four dead and three wounded among Turkish civilians.

1932 | Beer by the Window in Ankara

0
0
Beer by the Window in Ankara by Kurt and Margot Lubinski[1] 

Mavi Boncuk |
[1] Kurt Lubinski was a German Jewish journalist and photographer and traveled the world in the 1920s and 30s. Lubinski worked for the Ullstein Verlag in Berlin and wrote many articles, accompanied by his own photographs, for the Berliner Morgenpost, Der Querschnitt and other magazines.

Lubinski was a close friend of the famous German journalist Manfred George who emigrated to the USA in 1938. Manfred George became the editor-in-chief of the German Jewish newspaper Aufbau in New York.


Kurt Lubinski was born in Berlin on October 19, 1899. In 1933, he emigrated to Holland and in 1938/1939 to England, and later (probably in 1943) to New York. His wife Margot Lubinski Richter was a photographer. She was born on March 17, 1906, in Berlin-Wilmersdorf. They had a son Peter Thomas Lubinski, born November 22, 1931, in Berlin.

1922 | Greek Bombardment of Samsun

0
0
See video: Turkish Nationalists on a ship docked at Samsun, Anatolia (Turkey). Large Turkish flags are displayed on the ship, and on the dock. Officials pose on the gangplank. Turkish irregulars disembark , carrying large sacks of belongings. A Turkish officer is seen carrying a sidearm. But no other weapons are seen. Scene shifts to a procession through the city. The procession is led by officials riding in horse-drawn carriages. Numerous Turkish flags are carried in the procession. The scene shifts, again, to destroyed buildings, including the Governor's office building. Other destruction is seen, resulting from earlier bombardment by the U.S. and Greek warships. 


Mavi Boncuk |

Naval bombardment of virtually undefended Samsun was carried out by the following, on June 7, 1922: American warships:USS Sands (DD-243); USS McFarland (DD-237); USS Sturtevant (DD-240); Greek warships: Cruiser, Georgios Averof; Destroyer, Nazos; Battleship, Kilkis; Destroyer,Leon; plus several other Greek Cruisers and minesweepers.

The imperial powers, in the scramble for control over the spoils of the dissolved Ottoman Empire, would come into conflict with each other.

In addition, the Allies did not fully allow the Greek Navy to effect a blockade of the Black Sea coast, which could have restricted Turkish imports of food and material. 

Still, the Greek Navy was allowed to bombard some larger ports (June and July 1921 Inebolu; July 1921 Trabzon, Sinop; August 1921 Rize, Trabzon; September 1921 Araklı, Terme, Trabzon; October 1921 Izmit; June 1922 Samsun).[75] The Greek Navy was able to blockade the Black Sea coast especially before and during the First and Second İnönü, Kütahya–Eskişehir and Sakarya battles, preventing weapon and ammunition shipments.

Refer to:  "In the year prior to the bombardment, the Allied Powers had deprived Greece of its belligerent rights under International Maritime Law to blockade an enemy port. The bombardment did not stop the flow of war materials to the Kemalists, who then declared the Pontos a war zone." "Greece in Asia Minor; the Greek Naval Bombardment of Samsun, June 7, 1922." Harry Psomiades, PhD, Professor Emeritus of Queens College and the Graduate School of the City University of New York.

See also: Shirinian, George N. (Ed.). The Asia Minor Catastrophe and the Ottoman Greek Genocide: Essays on Asia Minor, Pontos and Eastern Thrace, 1913-1923. Bloomingdale, IL: The Asia Minor and Pontos Hellenic Research Center. Dedicated to the memory of Professor Harry J. Psomiades

The first year of the war, the Greeks together with its allies occupied the straits and Constantinople, which stayed under joint occupation until the end of the war. Initially the British and then the French occupied Cilicia. The Italians occupied southwestern Anatolia and the Armenians occupied northeastern Anatolia. In the first years of the war, the wars against the French and Armenians diverted significant Turkish troops from the front against the Greeks. There were also revolts during the war which dispersed troops. After the victories against the French and Armenians the Turks could turn their energies on the Greek intrusion.

The Greeks estimated, despite warnings from the French and British not to underestimate the enemy, that they would need only three months to defeat the already weakened Turks on their own. Exhausted from four years of bloodshed, no Allied power had the will to engage in a new war and relied on Greece. During the Conference of London in February 1921, the Greek prime minister Kalogeropoulos revealed that the morale of the Greek army was excellent and their courage was undoubted, he added that in his eyes the Kemalists were "not regular soldiers; they merely constituted a rabble worthy of little or no consideration". Still, the Allies had doubts about Greek military capacity to advance in Anatolia, facing vast territories, long lines of communication, financial shortcomings of the Greek treasury and above all the toughness of the Turkish peasant/soldier. 

In Memoriam | Erdal Alantar (1932-2014)

1922 | Samsun Bombardment in British Parliament Hansard

0
0
Mavi Boncuk |SAMSUN (BOMBARDMENT).

HC Deb 14 June 1922 vol 155 cc337-8 337

Mr. AUBREY HERBERT asked the Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs if his attention has been called 338 to a bombardment of Samsun by the Greek fleet and the destruction of noncombatant property; and whether, seeing that the neutrality of the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles has been proclaimed by the Allied Powers, he is prepared to make any statement as to the action of the Greek fleet and the consent of the Allies?

Mr. HARMSWORTH The answer to the first part of the question is in the affirmative. The object of the attack appears to have been the destruction of stocks of munitions of war which are known to have been arriving at that port from Russia. His Majesty's Government have no information regarding the destruction of non-combatant property. The neutrality of the Straits zone, which has been maintained by the Allies since 10th August last in regard to the Greco-Turkish conflict, does not affect the passage of belligerent vessels through those waters. The Allies were not notified of the Greek intention to carry out the present bombardment and there is no question of their consent thereto.

Mr. HERBERT What does the word "neutrality" mean, if armed forces are allowed to go through the so-called neutral zone.

Mr. HARMSWORTH I have given my hon. Friend the proper interpretation of the actual position. Should he require further illumination on the subject, perhaps he will put down a question.

Mr. MALONE Is it a fact that the shells were British shells?

Mr. HARMSWORTH I should think that is highly improbable. I have no information to that effect whatever.

HC Deb 29 June 1922 vol 155 c2331W2331W 


Mr. A. HERBERT asked the Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs if the Greek gunboats that bombarded Samsun had their naval base in neutral waters or at Athens? 

Mr. HARMSWORTH From such information as His Majesty's Government have received, it appears that the bombarding vessels used proceeded to Sam-sun from Constantinople.

ANATOLIAN SITUATION.
HC Deb 15 June 1922 vol 155 c571W 571W

Mr. A. HERBERT asked the Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, if he has any information of events in Asia Minor which he can give to the House of Commons?


Mr. HARMSWORTH In present circumstances it does not seem opportune to make any general statement about the Anatolian situation.

Turkish Actions of USS Sands

0
0
USS Sands pictured in Danzig/Gdansk, circa August-September 1921

Mavi Boncuk |

Following commissioning, Sands[1] remained at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to fit out for European duty. On 22 November, Lieutenant M. L. Sperry, Jr., relieved Ens. Leahy as temporary commanding officer; and, on 13 December, Commander Robert L. Ghormley assumed command. The next day, the destroyer departed from Philadelphia; steamed to Melville, Rhode Island, for torpedo outfit; then proceeded to New York. On 3 January 1921, she sailed for Europe. She arrived at Brest on the 16th and, for the next seven months, conducted runs between French and British ports. In mid-August, she steamed for the Baltic; called at various ports on that sea, despite the still present danger of mines, and returned to Cherbourg on 27 September. Three weeks later, she cleared the French coast and headed for the eastern Mediterranean-Black Sea area. There, fighting between Greeks and Turks in coastal Asia Minor; between Turks and Armenians on the Anatolian plateau; and between Red and White forces in Russia had created problems including disease, poverty, and famine.

Assigned to provide dispatch service to support American Relief Committee efforts, and to protect American nationals and interests, Sands arrived at Allied-occupied Constantinople on 11 November. Nine days later, she fueled at the Standard Oil docks at Selvi Bournu, then commenced her first cruise. Into late December, she steamed off Samsun and Trebizond, observing as Greeks were deported from those areas. After returning briefly to Constantinople, she steamed to Alexandretta, whence she continued on to Cilicia. There she called at Mersin, site of an American mission and relief distribution center, and remained through most of January 1922. On 3 February, she was back at Constantinople; and, on the 8th, she got underway for Novorossiysk. From the 8th to the 19th, she supported relief work in that city, then proceeded to Samsun where, with one interruption to retrieve a drifting barge near Inebole, she remained until 8 March. Two days later, she returned to Constantinople; and, on the 18th, she shifted to Selvi Bournu to assist in firefighting efforts in the oil storage area. With the fires under control, she put back into Constantinople and, on the 22d, got underway to again call at Mersin. By 7 April, she had retransited the Dardanelles and the Sea of Marmora. On 8 May, she passed through the Bosporus. From the 9th to the 22d, she was at Odessa, whence she shifted to Theodosia and then continued to Novorossisk. In early June, she was at Trebizond; and, on the 4th, she arrived at Samsun where, for several days, she steamed off the harbor entrance as Greek and Turkish forces exchanged fire.

Sands returned to Constantinople on 9 July and soon afterward sailed for Gibraltar and the United States.

[1] The first USS Sands (DD-243/APD-13) was a Clemson-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II. She was the first ship named for Benjamin F. Sands and his son, James H. Sands. Sands was laid down on 22 March 1919 by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey; launched on 28 October 1919; sponsored by Miss Jane McCue Sands; and commissioned on 10 November 1920, Ensign William D. Leahy in temporary command.

RHN Averoff Fighing Turks

0
0
Mavi Boncuk |


Averof, built at Cantieri Orlando, Livorno, Italy in 1910-11, was a de facto third member of the Italian Pisa class, with improved protection and British-style tripod masts. She joined the Greek fleet just before the First Balkan War of 1912-13, in which she outfought the combined Turkish fleet and spearheaded a blockade of Turkish ports on the Mediterranean and the Gulf of Izmir. The Greek fleet otherwise consisted of three slow, French-built 1890 battleships and a rather good Torpido Boat flotilla.


Georgios Averof (Greek: Θ/Κ Γεώργιος Αβέρωφ) is a Greek warship which served as the flagship of the Royal Hellenic Navy during most of the first half of the 20th Century. Although popularly known as a battleship (θωρηκτό), it is in fact an armored cruiser,


During World War I, Averof did not see much active service, as Greece was neutral during the first years of the war, and in deep internal turmoil (see National Schism). After the Noemvriana riots of 1916 however, she was seized by the French, and returned only after Greece's formal entry in the war, in June 1917. After the war's end, Averof sailed with other Allied ships to Constantinople, receiving an ecstatic welcome from the city's Greeks. She continued as the flagship of the Royal Hellenic Navy

 RHN under Rear Admiral I. Ipitis, participating in landings in Eastern Thrace and bombardments of the Turkish Black Sea shore during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22) and helped in the evacuation of the refugees after the Greek Army's defeat.

 

 
The Averoff in Constantinople in 1919 by Amilios Prosalentis




Leon Kalogeropoulos (Greek, 1928 - 2002)
Battleship Averoff off Constantinople in 1918 with the allied fleet



Nicos Kalogeropoulos (Greek, 1889-1957)

BATTLESHIP AVEROFF IN CONSTANTINOPLE signed and dated 1915 lower right oil on canvas 70 by 100cm., 27½ by 39½in. 


[1] IPITIS, REAR-ADMIRAL, 09/11/1920-26/04/1921
Viewing all 3433 articles
Browse latest View live




Latest Images