Mavi Boncuk |
Kibrit: (ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺖ) i. (fromAR kibrіt “kükürt”)
Arapça kbrt kökünden gelen kibrīt كِبْرِيت “kükürt” sözcüğünden alıntıdır. Bu sözcük Aramice/Süryanice aynı anlama gelen kebrītā veya kubritā כבריתא sözcüğünden alıntıdır. Bu sözcük Akatça aynı anlama gelen kibrītu veya kubrītu sözcüğünden alıntıdır. (Kaynak: Chicago Assyrian Dictionary sf. 8.333)
[Codex Cumanicus, 1303]
sulf[ur] - Fa & Tr: χibrit
1. Bir ucuna, sert bir şeye sürtüldüğü zaman tutuşan bir ecza sürülmüş çöp parçası [Kibrit çöpü de denir].
2. kısa. İçinde kibrit çöpleri bulunan ufak kutu.
3. Kükürt.
4. Altın.
5. Kırmızı yâkut.
Kibrit çakmak: Kibriti sürterek yakmak, kibritle tutuşturmak: Kapının arkasındaki tostoparlak saç sobaya bir kibrit çakıyordu (Reşat N. Güntekin). Kibrît-i ahmer:
1. Eski kimyâcılara göre fevkalâde bir kuvvete sâhip olduğuna ve toprağı altın yaptığına inanılan iksir, kimyâ-yı ahmer: İşin altun eder hâk-i derinde eyleyen hizmet / Nigâh-ı iltifâtın âşıka kibrît-i ahmerdir (Sezâî’den). Düşmüş kimi tecessüs-i kibrît-i ahmere / Olmuş kimine mûcib-i iflâs kîmyâ (Ziyâ Paşa’dan).
2. tasavvuf. Mânevî kemalde en yüksek dereceye yükseldiği için iksir gibi olan nazarıyle insanı kötülükten iyiliğe ve küfürden îmâna çevirebilen, nâdir bulunan ulu velî: Kitabın müellifi Cenâb-ı Şeyh-i Ekber ve kibrît-i ahmer efendimiz… (Ahmet A. Konuk).
TR alışkan, çalma ve kükürt kelimeleridir. Türk lehçelerinde kibrit, alışqan (Azerbaycan); siriñke, kükirt (Kazak); şireñke, kükürt (Kırgız); gugurt (Özbek); şırpı, kükirt (Tatar); kükürt, otluçöp (Türkmen); serengge, gugut (Uygur) sözcükleri kibrit anlamında kullanılmaktadır. Anadolu ağızlarında kibrit anlamında kullanılan sözcükler ise şunlardır: akuşgan, alışgan / alışkan, ataşlık / ateşlik, avza / aze / ecza / erza / eza / irza, başot, bıçka / bışka / pışka / sıpışka, cırıt, çakmaksız, çalacak, çaldut, çalgı, çalma, çırpıl, çıtır, çıtlak, çirpit / kirpit, çitçit, fingo, fuka, ispirle / ispirto, kırt kırt, kükürt, neft, sermek / sernik / şernik, sürgüç, sürtme / sürsür / sürtüke, şama, şihata, yakar / yanar / yanarca, zırnık, zilve.
[1] match (n.1) "stick for striking fire." Late 14c., macche, "wick of a candle or lamp," a sense now obsolete, from Old French meiche "wick of a candle," from Vulgar Latin *micca/*miccia (source also of Catalan metxa, Spanish mecha, Italian miccia), which is of uncertain origin, probably ultimately from Latin myxa, from Greek myxa "lamp wick," originally "mucus," based on notion of wick dangling from the spout of a lamp like snot from a nostril, from PIE root *meug- "slimy, slippery" (see mucus). English snot also had a secondary sense from late 14c. of "snuff of a candle, burnt part of a wick," surviving at least to late 19c. in northern dialects.
The modern spelling is from mid-15c. The meaning "piece of cord or tow soaked in sulfur, used for lighting fires, lamps, candles, etc." is from 1530. It was used by 1830 for the modern type of sulfur-tipped wooden friction match, which were perfected about that time, and competed with lucifer for much of 19c. as the name for this invention. An earlier version consisted of a thin strip of wood tipped with combustible matter that required contact with phosphorous carried separately in a box or vial.
In the manufacture of matches much trouble has been occasioned by the use of phosphorous .... In some of the small and poorly managed factories the men and children are never free from the fumes; their clothes and breath are luminous in the dark, and in the daytime white fumes may be seen escaping from them whenever they are seated by the fire. ... The danger arising from the use of matches was magnified, because they could sometimes be seen in the dark, were liable to ignite on a warm shelf, and were poisonous to such an extent that children had been killed by using them as playthings. [John A. Garver, "Matches," in The Popular Science Monthly, August 1877]
Etymology
Historically, the term match referred to lengths of cord (later cambric) impregnated with chemicals, and allowed to burn continuously. These were used to light fires and fire guns and cannons. Such matches were characterized by their burning speed i.e. quick match and slow match. Depending on its formulation, a slow match burns at a rate of around 30 cm (1 ft) per hour and a quick match at 4 to 60 centimeters (1.6 to 23.6 in) per minute.
The modern equivalent of this sort of match is the simple fuse, still used in pyrotechnics to obtain a controlled time delay before ignition. The original meaning of the word still persists in some pyrotechnics terms, such as black match (a black-powder-impregnated fuse) and Bengal match (a firework akin to sparklers producing a relatively long-burning, colored flame). But, when friction matches became commonplace, they became the main object meant by the term.
The word "match" derives from Old French "mèche" referring to the wick of a candle.
Société Ottomane des Allumettes
SOURCE: Documents diplomatiques: La fortune françoise à l'étranger en 1902
France. Ministère des affaires étrangères
Les puissances étrangères dans le Levant: en Syrie et en Palestine ...Noël Verney, George Dambmann
Guillaumin et cie., 1900 – 794
Didot-Bottin, 1896
Société Ottomane des Allumettes was founded in 1891 by French investors. She founded the Ottoman Matchbox Factory (Osmanlı Kibrit Fabrikası) in 1897. This historic industrial building is located in the Küççekmece district of Fatih district in Istanbul. It is also called Menekşe Match Factory (Menekşe Kibrit Fabrikası) because it is in the Menekše district. While it was originally built for matchmaking, it also served as a workshop for various products over time. The factory consisted of four large buildings. Each matchbox contained fifty matches and each box could hold 7,200 boxes.
The company was selling its matches produced in a box. The factory produced 15 matchboxes a day and employed two hundred workers, mostly women, and about fifty employees.
One of the characteristics of the light bulbs produced in the Ottoman light bulbs factory of Küçüçekmece, one of the modern factories of the time, carrying labels written in Turkish Ottoman and French, was that they were lit by rubbing ass Tre the dope part on the edge of the light box. Ottoman light bulbs were less dangerous but more expensive than phosphorus light bulbs, which were no longer produced at that time. The factory building was listed as a first-degree historic monument in 1991 and was placed under protection. Restoration works were carried out in the first block of the factory in 2005. Other blocks were used by shareholder families for various purposes, but unfortunately, they were not sufficiently protected. Sections other than the first block were on sale.
The factory's iron construction skeleton, whose walls were destroyed by negligence, remains intact. The doors and windows of the building were damaged, and trees and grass appeared inside the building. The decauville rails, which were put in a factory to transport lighters in the conditions of the time, have survived to this day. The building, which consists of two plots with a land of 15,000.377 square meters, is considered a commercial property with a closed area of 5,000 square meters.
In 2018, a project aimed to rethink the district of Küçüçekmece, Istanbul as a city and center of attention in the beach area in the natural protected area at the edge of Lake Küççekmece opening up on the Marmara sea. The project includes the Ottoman light bulb factory, which was inactive and useless. When we look at the building's site in historical memory, it has great historical importance with its natural beach site inside and out, architecturally and with its primitive industrial structure identity. While recalling these building's potential identities, its meeting with the public today was the basic device of the project.
Fordism, which was the system in force during the construction period, expresses a model of organization of industrial capitalism based on mass production and consumption. He gives importance to the production system. It creates introverted, production-oriented structures. However, global giant brands are today sharing their systems with the public. The evolved concept of quality and the product quality-oriented approach is now becoming concerned about the process and customer satisfaction. The production is now offered to the public. From this point of view, the old is surrounded again and reborn and comes back to the forefront. In the project, the locations of cafes, restaurants, versatile halls, information offices and wet areas are definitely built into the plans.
Other areas can be completely modified and reconfigured to fulfill the desired function. From an environmental point of view, a new focal point has been created in the regional horizon with the coastal axis remodeled and the historic chimney converted into observation. The building's connection with its environment has been strengthened with the uninterrupted pedestrian axis built on the shoreline. The factory dependence was used as a permanent exposure zone for the Menekşe light factory and Azatlı cannon powder factory. He was provided to provide information on the structures of the same period.
See architect Didem Erdogan's thesis "Proposal for preservation and reuse of the Ottoman Light Factory of Kükçekmece as an industrial patrimony". A contest is organized by the Chamber of Architects TMMOB, Istanbul metropolitan branch, regional representative of Trakya Büyükkent (Bakırköy). As part of the contest, it is intended for architecture students to generate ideas to reintegrate a historic industrial structure and its immediate surroundings into urban life and space, which have largely lost their function original and are unused.
Today, the Ottoman Light Factory of Küçekmece is used for cultural and tourist purposes.
Menekşe Kibrit Fabrikası
Küçükçekmece Osmanlı Kibritleri Fabrikası
Société Ottomane des Allumettes, Ottoman Match Company, 1 share (No: 0086), 125 francs, 1891.
Charles Sauria was a French inventor. He is the son of Empire General Jean-Charles Sauriat. In 1831, while still a chemistry student at the Arc College located in Dole (Jura), he invented friction phosphorus matches by replacing antimoin sulphur with white phosphorus in John Walker's formula. It is said that it was the memory of an accidental explosion during a second-grade chemistry experiment that gave him this idea. But he did not possess the 1500 francs required for the patent and it was a German J.F. Kammerer (sometimes mistakenly considered as their real inventor, and informed by Charles Sauria's chemistry teacher) who was the first to manufacture them i In industrial the following year . It was only 55 years later that the fatherhood of this invention was recognized. In 1887, the National Academy of Agriculture, Manufacturing and Commerce awarded him a silver medal for his invention.
The region of Kükçekmece, which has been an important colony since the early ages, was of strategic importance as it was located on the road "Via Egnetia" linking Byzance to Europe. It was an important place to stay with its inns and fountains. During this period, it had an important place in the commercial life of the Ottoman Empire, especially the Kükçekmece bridge and its surroundings were used as a commercial transition zone. Since the late nineteenth century, there have been two important industrial structures in the region, namely the Azadlı cannon powder factory and the light bulb factory. While Kükçekmece was an affiliated city in the district of Çatalca until 1908, it became one of Istanbul's summer resort districts as Bakırköy district (Makri Köy) from 1908 to 1987. The area located in the inner beach area of Lake Küççekmece opening on the Marmara sea, was separated from Bakırköy in 1987 and is located inside a new district, Küçüçekmece.
was a French chemist credited for inventing phosphorus-based matches in 1830–1831.[2]
Several events are believed to have led Sauria to his discovery, including the hydrogen lighter introduced in 1827 by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and the demonstration by his chemistry professor Nicolet where a powder mixture of potassium chlorate and sulfur was detonated by a blow. During a long series of experiments, Sauria went on to add white phosphorus that helped ignite the mixture by friction. He finalized the invention by adding gum arabic to hold the powders together, and dipping pieces of wood into it.
Sauria was a poor student at the time; however, Nicolet communicated his invention to German industrialist Friedrich Kammerer who had patented it and used it in mass production of matches. The British chemist John Walker had introduced a very similar match some five years earlier, where he used antimony sulfide instead of white phosphorus. However, the phosphorus matches became more popular, mostly because of the reduced smell of sulfur, and quickly replaced those made by Walker. Around the time of Sauria's death, some 3 trillion of white phosphorus matches per year were produced worldwide. However, white phosphorus was soon proven to be toxic and banned by the international Berne Convention in 1906.
Early matches
A note in the text Cho Keng Lu, written in 1366, describes a sulfur match, small sticks of pinewood impregnated with sulfur, used in China by "impoverished court ladies" in AD 577 during the conquest of Northern Qi.During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (AD 907–960), a book called the Records of the Unworldly and the Strange written by Chinese author Tao Gu in about 950 state.
If there occurs an emergency at night it may take some time to make a light to light a lamp. But an ingenious man devised the system of impregnating little sticks of pinewood with sulfur and storing them ready for use. At the slightest touch of fire they burst into flame. One gets a little flame like an ear of corn. This marvellous thing was formerly called a "light-bringing slave", but afterwards when it became an article of commerce its name was changed to 'fire inch-stick'.
Another text, Wu Lin Chiu Shih, dated from 1270 AD, lists sulphur matches as something that was sold in the markets of Hangzhou, around the time of Marco Polo's visit. The matches were known as fa chu or tshui erh.
The friction match
Chemical matches were unable to make the leap into mass production, due to the expense, their cumbersome nature and inherent danger. An alternative method was to produce the ignition through friction produced by rubbing two rough surfaces together. An early example was made by François Derosne in 1816. His crude match was called a briquet phosphorique and it used a sulfur-tipped match to scrape inside a tube coated internally with phosphorus. It was both inconvenient and unsafe.
The first successful friction match was invented in 1826 by English chemist John Walker, a chemist and druggist from Stockton-on-Tees. He developed a keen interest in trying to find a means of obtaining fire easily. Several chemical mixtures were already known which would ignite by a sudden explosion, but it had not been found possible to transmit the flame to a slow-burning substance like wood. While Walker was preparing a lighting mixture on one occasion, a match which had been dipped in it took fire by an accidental friction upon the hearth. He at once appreciated the practical value of the discovery, and started making friction matches. They consisted of wooden splints or sticks of cardboard coated with sulphur and tipped with a mixture of sulphide of antimony, chlorate of potash, and gum, the sulphur serving to communicate the flame to the wood.
The price of a box of 50 matches was one shilling. With each box was supplied a piece of sandpaper, folded double, through which the match had to be drawn to ignite it. He named the matches "Congreves" in honour of the inventor and rocket pioneer, Sir William Congreve. He did not divulge the exact composition of his matches.Between 1827 and 1829, Walker made about 168 sales of his matches. It was however dangerous and flaming balls sometimes fell to the floor burning carpets and dresses, leading to their ban in France and Germany.Walker either did not consider his invention important enough to patent or neglected it.In order for the splints to catch fire, they were often treated with sulfur and the odor was improved by the addition of camphor.
In 1829, Scots inventor Sir Isaac Holden invented an improved version of Walker's match and demonstrated it to his class at Castle Academy in Reading, Berkshire. Holden did not patent his invention and claimed that one of his pupils wrote to his father Samuel Jones, a chemist in London who commercialised his process.A version of Holden's match was patented by Samuel Jones, and these were sold as lucifer matches. These early matches had a number of problems - an initial violent reaction, an unsteady flame and unpleasant odor and fumes. Lucifers could ignite explosively, sometimes throwing sparks a considerable distance. Lucifers were manufactured in the United States by Ezekial Byam.The term "lucifer" persisted as slang in the 20th century (for example in the First World War song Pack Up Your Troubles) and in the Netherlands and Belgium today matches are still called lucifers (in Dutch).
Lucifers were however quickly replaced after the discovery in 1830 by Frenchman Charles Sauria who substituted the antimony sulfide with white phosphorus.These new phosphorus matches had to be kept in airtight metal boxes but became popular. In England, these phosphorus matches were called "Congreves" after Sir William Congreve while they went by the name of loco foco in the United States. The earliest American patent for the phosphorus friction match was granted in 1836 to Alonzo Dwight Phillips of Springfield, Massachusetts.
From 1830 to 1890, the composition of these matches remained largely unchanged, although some improvements were made. In 1843 William Ashgard replaced the sulfur with beeswax, reducing the pungency of the fumes. This was replaced by paraffin in 1862 by Charles W. Smith, resulting in what were called "parlor matches". From 1870 the end of the splint was fireproofed by impregnation with fire-retardant chemicals such as alum, sodium silicate, and other salts resulting in what was commonly called a "drunkard's match" that prevented the accidental burning of the user's fingers. Other advances were made for the mass manufacture of matches. Early matches were made from blocks of woods with cuts separating the splints but leaving their bases attached. Later versions were made in the form of thin combs. The splints would be broken away from the comb when required.
A noiseless match was invented in 1836 by the Hungarian János Irinyi, who was a student of chemistry.An unsuccessful experiment by his professor, Meissner, gave Irinyi the idea to replace potassium chlorate with lead dioxide in the head of the phosphorus match.He liquefied phosphorus in warm water and shook it in a glass vial, until it became granulated. He mixed the phosphorus with lead and gum arabic, poured the paste-like mass into a jar, and dipped the pine sticks into the mixture and let them dry. When he tried them that evening, all of them lit evenly. Irinyi thus invented the noiseless match. He sold the invention to István Rómer, a match manufacturer. Rómer, a Hungarian pharmacist living in Vienna, bought the invention and production rights from Irinyi for 60 forints (about 22.5 oz t of silver). Rómer became rich and Irinyi went on to publish articles and a textbook on chemistry, and founded several match factories.
Source: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/friction-matches-were-boon-those-lighting-firesnot-so-much-matchmakers-180967318/
Friction matches gave people the unprecedented ability to light fires quickly and efficiently, changing domestic arrangements and reducing the hours spent trying to light fires using more primitive means. But they also created unprecedented suffering for match-makers: One of the substances used in some of the first friction matches was white phosphorus. Prolonged exposure to it gave many workers the dread “phossy jaw.”
A British pharmacist named John Walker invented the match by accident on this day in 1826, according to Today in Science History. He was working on an experimental paste that might be used in guns. He had a breakthrough when he scraped the wooden instrument he was using to mix the substances in his paste, and it caught fire.
With a little work, writes Andrew Haynes for The Pharmaceutical Journal, Walker produced “a flammable paste made with antimony sulfide, potassium chlorate and gum arabic, into which he dipped cardboard strips coated with sulfur.” He started selling his “friction lights” to locals in April 1827 and they quickly took off.
Walker never patented his invention, writes Haynes, in part because “the burning sulfur coating would sometimes drop from the stick, with a risk of damage to flooring or the user’s clothing.” Despite the dangers, he was advised to patent the matches, according to the BBC, so it’s a bit unclear why he didn’t. His invention was quickly copied by Samuel Jones of London, who started selling “Lucifers” in 1829.
Experimentation with these new devices produced the first matches that included white phosphorus, an innovation that was quickly copied. Advances in matches continued over the 1830s and into the 1840s, according to Encyclopedia Britannica.
Match-making became a common trade across England. There were “hundreds of factories spread across the country,” writes Kristina Killgrove for Mental Floss. “For 12 to 16 hours a day, workers dipped treated wood into a phosphorus concoction, then dried and cut the sticks into matches.”
Like many other poorly paid and tedious factory jobs in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, match makers were predominantly women and children, writes Killgrove. “Half the employees in this industry were kids who hadn’t even reached their teens. While working long hours indoors in a cramped, dark factory put these children at risk of contracting tuberculosis and getting rickets, matchstick making held a specific risk: phossy jaw.”
This gruesome and debilitating condition was caused by inhaling white phosphorus fumes during those long hours at the factory. “Approximately 11 percent of those exposed to phosphorus fumes developed ‘phossy jaw’ about five years after initial exposure, on average,” Killgrove writes.
The condition causes the bone in the jaw to die and teeth to decay, resulting in extreme suffering and sometimes the loss of the jaw. Although phossy jaw was far from the only side-effect of prolonged white phosphorus exposure, it became a visible symbol of the suffering caused by industrial chemicals in match plants. By 1892, writes Lowell J. Satre for the journal Victorian Studies, newspapers were investigating the plight of match workers.
A London reporter from The Star visited a victim of phossy jaw who had worked at a Salvation Army match factory. The woman, named Mrs. Fleet, “revealed that she had gotten the disease after working five years at the company,” Satre writes. “After complaining of tooth and jaw ache, she had been sent home, had four teeth extracted, lost part of her jaw bone, and suffered the excruciating pain of the disease.” The smell of the dying bone, which eventually literally came out through her cheek, was so bad that her family couldn’t bear it.
After this, she was let go from the match company, which paid her for a few months. After that, she couldn’t get another job–no other match company would hire her, Satre writes, because it would make them look bad to be associated with phossy jaw. “Historical records often compare sufferers of phossy jaw to people with leprosy because of their obvious physical disfigurement and the condition’s social stigma,” Killgrove writes.
Eventually match makers stopped using white phosphorus in matches, and it was outlawed in the United States in 1910.
Kat Eschner
Kat Eschner is a freelance science and culture journalist based in Toronto.
The first match factory of the Ottoman Empire
was put up for sale for 70 million liras
In Küçükçekmece, the first match factory of the Ottoman Empire, which was built by the French during the reign of Abdülhamid II in the 19th century, was put up for sale for 70 million liras by the families who owned the shares. Eda Akalın, one of the heirs of the factory, said, "My great-grandfather bought the factory with his partner to produce rubber boots. When the First World War broke out, he could not realize his dream."
Eda Akalın, one of the fourth-generation heirs of the factory, said, "With the proclamation of the Republic, the factory was one of the buildings that were sold as property. There is my great-grandfather and another person, they bought this place to establish a rubber boot factory as 2 families. When they went abroad to buy both machinery and raw materials, World War I broke out and they returned to the country without buying anything. Therefore, the factory remains idle, deaths and births occur, families expand. This place is so big, we couldn't find a common ground as families. Since it is a historical artifact, we cannot manage or use it. That's why we decided to sell it. It can be used as many social activity areas such as factory, cultural center, shopping center, restaurant, entertainment complex. But it cannot be considered as a house, because it has the status of a historical monument. It can be restored, and similar buildings can be built around it, other than that, there can be no destruction.”
Cultural Heritage Management Specialist from Istanbul Gelişim University, Instructor Its member Dr. İlknur Türkoğlu said, "The match factory is an important cultural and industrial heritage. This place is the first match factory of the Ottoman Empire, which started production in 1897. At that time, the factory had 200 workers and 50 personnel, mostly women. In the early 1900s, there was a problem in the supply of raw materials. It was registered in 1991 and declared a 1st degree protection area in 1993," She said.
The factory, which has been idle for many years, was registered as a first degree historical monument by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism in 1991 and was taken under protection.
The iron construction skeleton of the factory, whose walls have collapsed due to neglect, remains intact. The doors and windows of the building were damaged, and trees and grasses appeared inside the building. The dekovil rails, which were laid in the factory to carry the matches under the conditions of the period, have survived to the present day. The building, which consists of two parcels with a land of 15 thousand 377 square meters, is considered as a commercial property with a closed area of 5 thousand square meters.
SOURCE: https://www.ntv.com.tr/galeri/turkiye/osmanlinin-ilk-kibrit-fabrikasi-70-milyon-liraya-satisa-cikarildi,_y37pHnMF0GmGnNlLqDSOA
In the Match Factory, which finally became operational, in 1897, 121 were women and a total of 201 workers were employed. Although an annual production of fifteen crates of matches was originally planned, it is understood from the statistical report that an average of 6-7 crates were produced in1897. According to the statistical report, 2,000 box matches were produced per year in the factory, in 290 days of activity with a financial value of 4,400 Ottoman liras.
The production of the factory in this way took about a year. However, the factory stopped production without giving any reason. Therefore, the agreement has been terminated. As it is clearly stated in Article 2 of the concession agreement, The company was to build factories in Thessaloniki, Aydın and Hüdavendigar Provinces within five years.
In the second paragraph of the same article, if the factory stops production for no reason, the agreement shall be terminated. The factory complies with these provisions. Ottoman Empire, decided to close the factory based on the provisions of the founding articles. The Ottoman Empire continued to import matches from abroad after this date.
OSMANLI SANAYİLEŞMESİ SÜRECİNDE OSMANLI KİBRİT FABRİKASI ve NİZAMNAMESİ
Year 2020, Volume 8, Issue 22, 294 - 310, 15.06.2020
Şenay ATAM
https://doi.org/10.33692/avrasyad.665922 PDF: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1150008
ABSTRACT
OTTOMAN MATCH FACTORY AND ITS REGULATION IN THE PROCESS OF OTTOMAN INDUSTRIALIZATION
ABSTRACT Since the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire made efforts to increase production. In particular, she tried to minimize the negativities that occurred after the Industrial Revolution in the West. Factories that will operate in the country started to be opened. Some of these factories are opened by the state to meet the needs of the army or the palace. As of the last quarter of the 19th century, special factories opened by foreign investors started to operate. One of these factories is the Ottoman Match Factory which was established in Küçükçekmece. The construction privilege of the factory was initially given in the name of İspiraki Esani Efendi, but the original owner is a Frenchman named Monsieur Tavernier. In this study, first of all, industrialization studies of Ottoman Empire and corporatization activities for development of industry were discussed. Although there are a number of articles about the Ottoman Match Factory that provide information about the history of the restoration works, especially in this study, the regulations of the company that will take part in the establishment of the factory have been evaluated. About the Ottoman Match Factory The documents and concession agreement and establishment regulation of the Ottoman Match Company were examined in the Ottoman Archives and the management and organization structure of the company and the factory were revealed. Through the works and operations related to the establishment of the Ottoman Match Factory, the way the institutions followed in the process of the establishment of the factory and the points that were considered in the construction of the factory were also discussed. In the following process, the information and documents in the archive about the start-up and closure of the factory were evaluated.
An Evaluation of the Küçükçekmece Ottoman Match Factory as Industrial Heritage
Adile Binnur KIRAÇ, Burcu Selcen COŞKUN, Diğdem ERDOĞAN
Industrial heritage was included as a new genre when the definition of heritage was expanded in the second half of the 20th century. The concept of industrial heritage is used to interpret the material culture and activities of a society as reflections of industrial development and human spirit. It includes a wide range of sites from all points in history. The Küçükçekmece Ottoman match factory is an industrial heritage site that exemplifies Ottoman participation in international industrial progress. It was founded by a French company in the second half of the 19th century, received its production license in 1893, and started to manufacture matches in 1897. The original function of the factory, however, was short-lived, lasting only until near the end of the century. Today, the building it is divided into sections with different uses. This article is an evaluation of an industrial heritage asset, Ottoman Match Factory and its significance in the cultural history of Turkey. Its location is particularly important, as part of an industrial area of the Ottoman period along the Marmara Coast, parallel to the Rumeli railway. This area is defined as an industrial-cultural axis in the cultural history of Turkey. Factory’s connection to its past determines its heritage values. This study analyzes its original use and provides an evaluation of the potential for the re-use of the building as a whole. In addition, it is a discussion of the importance of the cultural context of industrial heritage sites, using Küçükçekmece match factory to highlight the need for a holistic approach to preservation.
SOURCE: https://www.journalagent.com/megaron/pdfs/MEGARON-39259-ARTICLE-KIRAC.pdf
Industrialization efforts intensified in the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century. It was initially carried out with government support during III. Selim and II. Mahmut periods. The industrialization in these years, which included
the first examples of the Ottoman state-run factories. RepublicanTurkey imported matches from Europe until 1929. The first factory was established in 1932 in the Büyükdere district of Istanbul. The matchmaking business, which had been a state monopoly for twenty years, was abolished in 1952 and private factories were also established after that date.
People leading the country and purposing to take important steps towards the industrialization right after the proclamation of the country, established business partnerships with the foreign companies. These businesses were monopoly, namely regie, and were extremely profitable structures. In this direction, it was decided to take in partnership with a Belgian company in 1924 and to establish a match factory in Sinop. The Belgian company was assigned full authority in terms of both foundation and running of the company and in match import and
sales. Purposing to fully exploit the mentioned privileges, the Belgian company postponed the establishment of thefactory as much as it could. The factory planned to be built on an uneven ground right out of Sinop, therefore, could never be opened. Upon all of these, the government terminated the contract with the Belgian company and gave the right to evolvement to an American company later on. In the end, Sinop Match Factory has turned out to be an unsuccessful enterprise for Turkey.
SOURCE: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/317503
Beykoz Paper Factory (1804),
Beykoz Leather and Shoe Factory (1812),
Paşabahçe Tekel Spirit Factory (1822),
Eyüp Yarn Factory (1827)
İslimye Broadcloth Factory (1830)
Küçükçekmece Osmanlı Kibritleri Fabrikası’da üretilen kibrit
kutusun ön ve arka yüzü (Osmanlı Kibritleri-250) (Aslıhan Yazan Kibrit
Kutusu Koleksiyonu).