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2000–2012 Forest Gain and Loss

November 18, 2013, 12:29 pm
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Global Forest Change

Published by Hansen, Potapov, Moore, Hancher et al.

Mavi Boncuk | 

Results from time-series analysis of 654,178 Landsat images in characterizing forest extent and change, 2000–2012.

Trees are defined as all vegetation taller than 5m in height and are expressed as a percentage per output grid cell as ‘2000 Percent Tree Cover’. ‘Forest Loss’ is defined as a stand-replacement disturbance, or a change from a forest to non-forest state. ‘Forest Gain’ is defined as the inverse of loss, or a non-forest to forest change entirely within the study period. ‘Forest Loss Year’ is a disaggregation of total ‘Forest Loss’ to annual time scales.

Reference 2000 and 2012 imagery are median observations from a set of quality assessment-passed growing season observations.
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Le Petit Prince | " un dictateur turc "

November 18, 2013, 12:33 pm
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Mavi Boncuk | Diktatör= dediği dedik...


J'ai de sérieuses raisons de croire que la planète d?où venait le petit prince est l?astéroïde B 612. Cet astéroïde n?a été aperçu qu?une fois au télescope, en 1909, par un astronome turc.

Il avait fait alors une grande démonstration de sa découverte à un congrès International d?astronomie. Mais personne ne l?avait cru à cause de son costume. Les grandes personnes sont comme ça.

Heureusement pour la réputation de l?astéroïde B 612, un dictateur turc imposa à son peuple, sous peine de mort, de s?habiller à l?européenne. L?astronome refit sa démonstration en 1920, dans un habit très élégant. Et cette fois-ci tout le monde fut de son avis.

"heureusement pour la réputation de l'astéroïde b 612 un dictateur turc imposa à son peuple, sous peine de mort, de s'habiller à l'européenne. l'astronome refit sa démonstration en 1920, dans un habit très élégant. et cette fois-ci tout le monde fut de son avis."

Nehir Yayınları additional comments 'Sokağa başını örterek çıkan kadınların örtülerini, genç-ihtiyar demeden polis ve jandarma eliyle, zorla açtırmış.' 

Lotus Yayınevi 'Neyseki asteroid B 612′nin şöhretinden dolayı bir Türk diktatör halkına Avrupalılar gibi giyinmeyi empoze etti. Aksi halde ölüm cezasına çarptırılacaklardı. Aynı astronom 1920′de buluşunu çok şık giysilerle tekrar sundu. Ve bu defa herkes ona inandı.'


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Music of Emre Araci

November 18, 2013, 12:39 pm
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Mavi Boncuk |

War and Peace: Crimea 1853-56

Performed by the London Academy of Ottoman Court Music, directed by Emre Araci[1] and produced by Ates Orga (Kalan Records).

European Music at the Ottoman Court

Performed by the London Academy of Ottoman Court Music, directed by Emre Araci and produced by Ates Orga (Kalan Records).

[1] Emre Aracı, (born 22 December 1968, Ankara) Turkish music historian, conductor, composer who has been living in the United Kingdom since 1987. He has made original contributions to the scholarship of Turkish music through his pioneering research focusing primarily on the European musical practice in the Ottoman court. Aracı studied music at the University of Edinburgh, graduating in 1994 with a BMus (Hons.) degree which was followed by a PhD in 1999. Supported by Lady Lucinda Mackay and the Inchcape Foundation, the subject of his thesis was the life and works of Turkey's eminent 20th-century composer Ahmed Adnan Saygun (1907–1991).

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Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor of Istanbul

November 18, 2013, 1:08 pm
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Elsie May and Gilbert H. Grosvenor, three-quarter length portrait, seated, facing front holding their son, Melville Bell.[1] Forms part of: Gilbert H. Grosvenor Collection of Photographs of the Alexander Graham Bell Family (Library of Congress). Date 1902
Mavi Boncuk |

Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor (October 28, 1875 – February 4, 1966), the father of photojournalism, was the first full-time editor of National Geographic Magazine, serving from 1899 to 1954. Grosvenor is credited with having built the magazine into the iconic publication that it is today. As president of the National Geographic Society, he made it into one of the world's largest and best known science and learning organizations, aided by the bold chronicling in its magazine of ambitious natural and cultural explorations around the globe.

Grosvenor was born to Edwin A. and Lilian Waters Grosvenor[2] in Istanbul, Turkey (Constantinople), and educated at Worcester Academy and at Robert College. He attended Amherst College and graduated with the AB degree magna cum laude in 1897. Grosvenor became the President of the National Geographic Society [2] (1920–1954). Grosvenor married Elsie May Bell (1878–1964), the daughter of Alexander Graham Bell. Bell and his son-in-law, Grosvenor, devised the successful marketing notion of Society membership and the first major use of photographs to tell stories in magazines.

Grosvenor is buried in Rock Creek Cemetery alongside his wife and members of the Bell family.


[1] Melville Bell Grosvenor (November 26, 1901-April 22, 1982) was the president of the National Geographic Society and editor of National Geographic Magazine from 1957 to 1969. His son, Gilbert Melville Grosvenor was editor of National Geographic Magazine from 1970 to 1980 before becoming president of the National Geographic Society, which he served until 1996 and as the current Chairman of the Board of Trustees.

[2] The National Geographic Society began as a club for an elite group of academics and wealthy patrons interested in travel. On January 13, 1888, 33 explorers and scientists gathered at the Cosmos Club, a private club then located on Lafayette Square in Washington, D.C., to organize "a society for the increase and diffusion of geographical knowledge." and the Society was incorporated two weeks later on January 27. Gardiner Greene Hubbard became its first president and his son-in-law, Alexander Graham Bell, eventually succeeded him in 1897 following his death. In 1899 Bell's son-in-law Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor was named the first full-time editor of National Geographic Magazine and served the organization for fifty-five years (1954), and members of the Grosvenor family have played important roles in the organization since.
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Word Origin | Diaspora

November 18, 2013, 1:16 pm
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Mavi Boncuk | diaspora (n.) 
1876, from Gk. diaspora "dispersion," from diaspeirein "to scatter about, disperse," from dia- "about, across" (see dia-) + speirein "to scatter" (see sprout). The Greek word was used in Septuagint in Deut. xxviii:25. A Hebrew word for it is galuth "exile." Related: Diasporic.

Gurbet: first mentioned as «ġurbet tarttı, ġarīb boldı» Mukaddimetü'l-Edeb [14.century], ed. Yüce, Ankara 1993. 

from Arabic ġurba  غربة  1. ayrı ve uzak olma, to be far away and seperate, yabancı yerde olma, to be at foreign lands, 2. yabancılık, sürgün, exile to foreign lands from Arabic ġaraba ayrıldı, uzaklaştı. left, went away

Garp: from Arabic ġarb غرب sundown, West  Aramaic ˁrēbā ערבא Akkadian erēbu.
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Recommended | 5+1

November 18, 2013, 6:07 pm
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Mavi Boncuk |

The man behind this treasure trove is Nick Danforth a doctoral candidate in Turkish history at Georgetown University. He writes about Middle Eastern history, politics, and maps at he following sites.

Ottoman History Podcast: a weekly internet radio program in English and Turkish offering interviews with scholars and researchers on emerging topics in the study of the Ottoman Empire and the modern Middle East

Tozsuz Evrak: a close to the source document blog displaying primary sources and archival materials intended for use by researchers

Afternoon Map: a cartography blog dedicated to presenting quality maps with a maximum pixel-to-word ratio

HAZİNE: a resource for information on archives and libraries for researchers working on the Middle East and beyond

Stambouline: a history blog where travel and art/architecture of the Ottoman Empire meet

Tajine: an academic blog and podcast about the Maghreb (launching January 2014)
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Kadikoy's Raki | Elif and Ağa

November 19, 2013, 10:26 am
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Mavi Boncuk |

Elif and Ağa raki was manufactured by Constantin Georgiadis in Kadıköy Söğütlüçeşme no.20. Elif rakı was a “Düziko” [1]whereas Ağa Rakısı contained anise/ anason

 The art of distillation which started in the Arab world and spread to the neighboring countries was implemented when people thought of making use of the sugar in the residue of wine processing. With the addition of aniseed, raki took on its Turkish characteristic. The famous Turkish traveler Evliya Celebi listed the artisans of Istanbul in the first volume of his book on his voyages which he wrote in 1630. Among the artisans he also mentioned the arak makers. While writing that arak was made from all kinds of plants, he also mentioned the word raki and said that drinking even one drop of this intoxicating drink was sinful. It is known that at that time in Istanbul 300 people in 100 workshop were occupied in the production and sale of this drink. 

Evliya Celebi spoke of tavern-keepers as "accursed, ill omened, blame worthy" and said there were taverns all over Istanbul but especially in Samatya, Kumkapi, Balikpazari, Unkapani, Fener, Balat (last three are on the Golden Horn)and the two shores of the Bosphorus and added "Galata means Taverns". Evliya Celebi recorded the small wine shops and the kinds of wine they sold and also mentioned the taverns that sold raki, all kinds of raki, like raki wine, banana raki, mustard raki, linden raki, cinnamon raki, clove raki, pomegranate raki, hay raki, aniseed raki, etc." SOURCE

[1] duziko  1934 Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar. from Greek dúziko δούζικο from Turkish düz, straight EN
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USS Olympia and White Army

November 19, 2013, 12:49 pm
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USS Olympia[1] at the Georgian city of Batumi, on the Black Sea coast. 

Most white émigrés left Russia from 1917 to 1920 (estimates vary between 900,000 and 2 million), although some managed to leave during the twenties and thirties or were exiled by the Soviet Government (such as, for example, philosopher Ivan Ilyin). They spanned all classes and included military soldiers and officers, Cossacks, intellectuals of various professions, dispossessed businessmen and landowners, as well as officials of the Russian Imperial Government and various anti-Bolshevik governments of the Russian Civil War period. [2] They were not only ethnic Russians but belonged to other ethnic groups as well.

Mavi Boncuk | 

[1] USS Olympia (C-6/CA-15/CL-15/IX-40) is a protected cruiser[*] that saw service in the United States Navy from her commissioning in 1895 until 1922. This vessel became famous as the flagship of Commodore George Dewey at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War in 1898. The ship was decommissioned after returning to the U.S. in 1899, but was returned to active service in 1902.

She served until World War I as a training ship for naval cadets and as a floating barracks in Charleston, South Carolina. In 1917, she was mobilized again for war service, patrolling the American coast and escorting transport ships.

Following the end of World War I, Olympia participated in the 1919 Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, and conducted cruises in the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas to promote peace in the unstable Balkan countries.

Olympia departed Charleston on 28 April 1918 carrying an expeditionary force bound for Russia. Russia, which had previously been a member of the Allied Powers, was in the midst of civil war and had signed a separate peace with Germany. On 9 June 1918, the ship arrived in Murmansk, Russia, and deployed the peace-keeping force. She subsequently assisted in the occupation of Archangel. [**]

[*] From the late 1850s, navies began to replace their fleets of wooden ships-of-the-line with armored ironclad warships. However, the frigates and sloops which performed the missions of scouting, commerce raiding, and trade protection remained unarmored. For several decades it proved difficult to design a ship which had any meaningful amount of protective Armour but at the same time was capable of the speed and range required of a 'cruising warship'. The protected cruiser is a type of naval cruiser of the late 19th century, so known because its armored deck offered protection for vital machine spaces from shrapnel caused by exploding shells above. Protected cruisers were an alternative to the armored cruisers, which also had a belt of Armour along the sides.

[**] Archangel and Murmansk were strategically important to the White Russians and their supporters for several reasons. With the tumultuous events of the revolution in Russia, many of the ambassadors of the Allied nations and their military liaison staffs had retreated north from Moscow and settled in the northern towns controlled by White Russian forces.

[2] In 1917, Dunsterforce, an Allied military mission of under 1,000 Australian, British, and Canadian troops (drawn from the Mesopotamian and Western Fronts), accompanied by armoured cars, deployed from Hamadan some 350 km (220 mi) across Qajar Persia. It was named after its commander General Lionel Dunsterville. Its mission was to gather information, train and command local forces, and prevent the spread of German propaganda. 

Later on, Dunsterville was told to take and protect the Baku oil fields. The force was initially delayed by 3,000 Russian Bolshevik troops at Enzeli but then proceeded by ship to the port of Baku on the Caspian Sea. This was the primary target for the advancing Turkish forces and Dunsterforce endured a short, brutal siege in September 1918 before being forced to withdraw. 

However, having been defeated in World War I, Turkey had to withdraw its forces from the borders of Azerbaijan in the middle of November 1918. Headed by General William Thomson, the British troops of 5,000 soldiers arrived in Baku on November 17, and martial law was implemented on the capital of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic until "the civil power would be strong enough to release the forces from the responsibility to maintain the public order".
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F. Huber maps (1887-1895)

November 19, 2013, 2:25 pm
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Pictured 1895 Galata Quay[1] Huber map.

Mavi Boncuk | 
Between the years 1887-1891 F. Huber prepared 1/1.000 scale Galata, Taksim and Pangaltı maps. 1890 map of Galata and Pera region drawn by R. Huber[2] 

In December 1895, 758 meters of docks in Galata were completed, based on concrete blocks, following the type of the quays of Marseilles . Along the 20.0 m wide embankment calculated from the quay-wall to the building line of the edifices to be erected (a standard previously applied in the quays of Smyrna and Salonica)... Besides the high construction cost (15,277,000 golden francs), the company met the opposition of the caïkiers and lightermen, however the inauguration of docks, in Mars 1896, was hailed with enthusiasm by the European community of Galata.

SOURCE The building of Istanbul docks 1870-1910

[1] When in 1879, Abdülhamit took the decision to build modern port facilities, the ideas of regularisation were already asserted in the Capital; some parts of the traditional fabric damaged by fire (Hocapasa, Aksaray, and Pera) were refashioned, and a number of streets were enlarged or opened by breakthroughs, especially in Galata (Çelik, 1993:77-81). Infrastructure works were multiplied, such as the Constantinople-Sofia railway as early as 1874 with its terminal station located in Sikedji (1887-91), and the new iron bridge was constructed at Karakeuy in 1878.

SOURCE The building of Istanbul docks 1870-1910

[2] Major von Huber. one of the German officers in the service of the Ottoman Government. He was constuction supervisor for Haydarpaşa-Ankara Railroad.
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1912 | Hennebique System for Deutsche Orient Bank

November 19, 2013, 2:39 pm
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Mavi Boncuk |

Deutsche Orient Bank (DOB), Eminonu, Constantinople (İstanbul) (1912). The whole building was made of reinforced concrete and the walls were covered with marble slabs on the ground floor and stone slabs on the upper levels. The bank offices were located on the ground level, the upper stories offices were to be rented. The building also known as “Germania Han”. M. Schütte, German architect, M. Adamantidis, architect; Agent: A. George. Contractor: Société anonyme ottomane de bois de construction (SAOC) [1]

Fonds Hennebique[2], CNAM/SIAF/Cité de l'architecture et du patrimoine / Archives d'Architecture du XXe siècle / 76 Ifa 1562-02. 

Deutsche Orient Bank More in Mavi Boncuk

[1]  In 1913, the Istanbul associate concessionaire was Marcos Langas co-founder with G.Mongeri, E. de Nari of the Fabriques Unies de Ciment Arslan[*] and director of the Société Anonyme Ottomane des Constructions  (S.A.O.C.). 

[*] Aslan Cement was incorporated on 20 December 1910 with the title "Memalik-i Osmaniyye'de Sun'i Cimento ve Hidrolik Kirec Imalina Mahsus Arslan Osmanli Anonim Sirketi" and is the first cement plant of Turkey. 

Established with an annual capacity of 20.000 Tons, the plant merged with Eskihisar Cement Plant nearby in 1919, and was named Aslan ve Eskihisar Cimento ve Su Kireci Anonim Sirketi. Following Turkish War of Independence, the company offered all of its shares to public, becoming a publicly-held corporation

[2]  François Hennebique (1842-1921), a self-educated builder and engineer who patented his pioneering reinforced-concrete system in 1892, soon expanded his business with a worldwide network of firms acting as agents for his system. Its activity in Istanbul commenced in 1902, when its licensed concessionaire, the architect E.Vuccinos, built the Messadet Han in Stambul, the first structure to use the Hennebique system. 

(pictured) Hennebique agency in Turkey, Galata, Istanbul, Turkey. (1912). The caption at the back of the picture mentions that M. J. Darmi who is standing in the staircase, has built the building where the Hennebique engineer A. George lives at the following address: 14 Yuksek Kalderim(Kaldirim), Galata. During an earthquake, M. George has been able to measure the resistance of the concrete reinforced pillars. 
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1845 | Map of the Ottoman Empire

November 20, 2013, 10:35 am
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Mavi Boncuk | 
General view of the Noël & Vivien map of the Ottoman Empire, 1845 
(revised version)

39"x27" printable version in PDF


Title: Map of the Ottoman Empire and its domains in Europe, Asia and Africa. Comp. by Noel and Vivien. Paris. Publ. by Bovinet.
Author: Noel ; Vivien
Dates: 1825
Extent: 12 p.
Languages: French
Type of Document: Printed
Geographic Areas: Ottoman Empire ; Europe ; Asia ; Africa

Title: Map of the Ottoman Empire (in Europe, Asia, and Africa). Comp. by Noel and Vivien. Paris. Publ. by Picquet. Additional map of a part of Arabia.
Author: Noel ; Vivien
Dates: 1839
Extent: 1 p.
Languages: French
Type of Document: Printed
Geographic Areas: Europe ; Asia ; Africa ; Ottoman Empire ; Arabia
File no.: Fond 450, opis΄ 1, delo 293
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1950 | Sokoni Vakum Oyl Kompani Kadikoy

November 20, 2013, 10:39 am
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Mobil, previously known as the Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, was a major American oil company which merged with Exxon in 1999 to form ExxonMobil. After WW1, their shares of the „Turkish Petroleum Company“ were transferred as"enemy property“ to France much to the annoyance of the Americans who felt excluded from Middle Eastern oil and demanded an "open door".[1]

After prolonged and sometimes sharp diplomatic exchanges, US oil companies were permitted to buy into the TPC, but it would take several years until the negotiations were completed..The Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), until 1929 called Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC), was an oil company jointly owned by some of the world's largest oil companies,[2] which had virtual monopoly on all oil exploration and production in Iraq from 1925 to 1961. The Iraq Petroleum Group of companies ( the Deutsche Bank, the Anglo Saxon Oil Company (a subsidiary of Royal Dutch/Shell), the National Bank of Turkey (a British concern) - and Turkish-born Armenian businessman Calouste Gulbenkian.) was involved in other parts of the Middle East, and played a major role in the discovery and development of oil resources in the region.

(pictured 1942 ad)

[1] Vacuum Oil Company was an American oil company known for their Gargoyle 600-W Steam Cylinder Oil. Vacuum Oil merged with Standard Oil Co of New York, commonly known as Socony Oil to form Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, and is now a part of ExxonMobil.

Vacuum Oil was founded in 1866 by Matthew Ewing and Hiram Bond Everest, of Rochester, NY. The lubrication oil was an accidental discovery while attempting to distillkerosene. Everest noted that the residue from the extraction was suitable as a lubricant. Soon after, the product became popular for use by steam engines and the internal-combustion engines. Ewing sold his interest to Everest, who carried on the company.[1] Vacuum was bought by Standard Oil in 1879. It originated the Mobil trademark in 1899 (as "Mobilgas;" "Mobiloil" came later). When Standard Oil was broken up in 1911 due to the Sherman Antitrust Act, Vacuum became an independent company again.

Vacuum Oil and Standard Oil of New York (Socony) merged in 1931, after the government gave up attempts to prevent it. The union, as Socony-Vacuum Corp., made them the third largest (at the time) world oil company. Everest was given a salary job as President and remained with the company.
In World War II, the Tschechowitz I & II subcamps of Auschwitz in Czechowice-Dziedzice provided forced labor for Vacuum Oil Company facilities in Poland that were captured and operated by Nazi Germany. In 1955, the company became Socony Mobil Oil Company. In 1963 it was renamed "Mobilgas" then just "Mobil". World War I had demonstrated the crucial role of oil in modern warfare and prompted the U.S. government to encourage U.S. participation in the newly formed Turkish Petroleum Company, operating in present-day Iraq. A consortium of U.S. oil companies was sold 25 percent of Turkish Petroleum. By the early 1930s only Jersey Standard and Socony were left in the partnership, with each eventually holding 12 percent. Oil was first struck by the company, renamed Iraq Petroleum, in 1928, and by 1934 the partners had built a pipeline across the Levant to Haifa, Palestine. From Haifa, Socony could ship oil to its many European subsidiaries.

By the time of the dissolution of Standard in 1911, Socony had established its position in Europe and Africa and built a thriving business in Asia as well. China became an important market for Socony. Socony eventually built a network of subsidiaries from Japan to Turkey that by 1910 was handling nearly 50 percent of the kerosene sold in Asia.
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Harty Stores

November 20, 2013, 10:45 am
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Groceries Economic Cooperative Society, Ltd. Galata. Harty's Stores, Importers, 27 Tepe Bachi, Pera. 

 Mavi Boncuk |


Fred Louis Harty was the owner of a Harty Stores, a specialty food store that provided British and Continental foods to the European Quarter of Pera, Constantinople. The stores were similar to London’s Fortnum and Mason and today’s gourmet food shops. 

http://www.levantineheritage.com/note133.htm

 

Born in Dublin, Ireland on 1833 to Louis Harty. Henry Louis married Louisa Maria Wills and had 6 children. He passed away on 1907 in Constantinople, Turkey. - 

See more at: http://records.ancestry.com/Henry_Louis_Harty_records.ashx?pid=126597360#sthash.kAEm8so1.dpuf
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Word Origin | Hanut, çarşı, mağaza, dükkân, arasta

November 20, 2013, 12:03 pm
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Mavi Boncuk |

Hanut:
First recorded in 1680 Franciscus Meninski, Thesaurus Linguarum Orientalium [1680],facsimile Simurg 2000.
Hulki Aktunç, Büyük Argo Sözlüğü [1990], Afa Y. 1990.

χanūt/χanūd dükkân, ticari ofis, Store, commercial office
1533 Hanutçu çarşıda müşterileri komisyon karşılığında belirli bir dükkâna yönlendiren kişi  from Armenian χanut' χanut' dükkân, store Aramaic  χanūṭā חנוטא vaulted stone room, hücre/cell, depo/store , dükkân < from Aramaib χnt חנת bükme/bending, kavisli hale getirme, kemer yapma/making an arch
 Arabic ḥanūt, Hebrew χanūt (dükkân) from Aramaic.

Greek kámara (1. Kemer/vault, 2. kemerli taş oda/vaulted room)

Çarşı:
First recorded in İrşadü'l-Mülûk ve's-Selâtîn [1387]ed. Recep Toparlı, TDK 1992. Ahmed b. Kadı-i Manyas, Gülistan Translation [1430] ed. Mustafa Özkan, TDK 1993.1387

Çārsū:
First recorded in 1680 Franciscus Meninski, Thesaurus Linguarum Orientalium [1680],facsimile Simurg 2000.
 çārsū vulg. çārşū from persian çārsū چار سو 1. Dörtyo/road intersection 2. kent merkezinde dükkânların bulunduğu alan /city center stores from persian çār چار dört/four + sū سو yön, yol/direction, road

Mağaza:
First recorded in Kahane & Kahane & Tietze, The Lingua Franca in the Levant, Leiden 1958.
1453 gemi ambarı/store of a ship Cengiz Kırlı (ed.), Sultan ve Kamuoyu: Osmanlı Modernleşme Sürecinde.. [1844-1848], T. İş B. 2009.1840

Dükkân:
First recorded in  Aşık Paşa, Garib-name [1330], ed. Kemal Yavuz, TDK 2000. 1330 dükān satış tezgâhı ~ Ar dukkān/dukān دكّان/دكان platform, seki, tezgâh, özellikle çarşı içinde satış yeri ~ Aramaic dūkanā דוכנא platform, seki, kerevet ~ Akkadian dakkannu seki, üzerine bir şey konulan yükselti ~ Sumerian dagana bir tür tezgâh veya platform 

from Greek magaziá μαγαζιά plural magazí μαγαζί ambar/store, gemilerde ticari eşya depose/stores in a ship Venetian magazín Arabic maχāzin مخازن plural mahzenler Arabic maχzan مخزن [#χzn] → mahzen İt magazzino ve Fr magasin from Venetian.

Mağara:
1350  from Arabic  maġāra  مغارة  from ġawr غور
1. derinlemesine grime/enter deeply, dalma, 2. çukur olma/make a hole in the ground.

Arasta:    

First recorded in 1600 çarşı  From Persian rāstā/rāste راستا/راسته düz ve doğru yol/straight road, cadde/street, özellikle çarşı caddesi/high street → rast "Farisî olan raste (...) Türkîde amme galat edip âraste derler." 1614.

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Edoardo De Nari (1874-1954)

November 20, 2013, 2:23 pm
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Edoardo De Nari, one of the Italian architects working in İstanbul in the final days of the Ottoman era and the first twenty-five years of the Republic, is a forgotten player of this transition period that was equally heterogeneous, colorful, and intriguing. The De Nari archives M. Arch. H. Büke Uras discovered three years ago not only disclose the real designer of a number of buildings whose architect was unknown, falsely known, or dubious, it also reflects, through the different styles of the architect, the aesthetic proclivities of the cosmopolitan upper class enjoying its final days in İstanbul. Comprised of aristocrats, non-Muslim Ottoman families, the Levantine circles, and the new bourgeoisies emerging out of the Republic, the clients commissioning his buildings shed light to the elements constituting this cosmopolitan world. The memories, letters, and photographs found in De Nari’s archives present to us the daily life and social setting of the architect as member of this world. 

  Mavi Boncuk | 

(self portrait)

Architect of Changing Times Edoardo De Nari 
(b. italy 16 January1874 -d. Buyukada, Istanbul, Turkey August 16, 1954) 

Past Exhibit Dates 18 December 2012 – 20 April 2013 [1]

Initiated by Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation İstanbul Research Institute, a series of exhibitions on architects and city planners who have left their imprint on İstanbul began with Raimondo D’Aronco and Henri Prost. This time, the series continues with Edoardo de Nari, one of the leading Italian architects active during the intriguing and colorful period of transition from the end of the Ottoman era to the first twenty-five years of the young Republic. 

The exhibition, compiled from the private archives of Büke Uras, as well as different collections, not only stands testimony to the interesting life and career of an architect’s life between 1895 and 1954, but it also provides an architectural and social reading of the first half of the 20th century in İstanbul through a multifaceted individual; an İstanbul architect.

Although Edoardo De Nari may have been neglected in the history of local architecture, he nonetheless stood out in the architecture of his period in İstanbul. He was gifted in many areas and possessed qualifications that allowed him to practice his professional career in foreign lands: architect, engineer, composer, world traveler, and, finally, politician.

While revealing the real designer of a number of buildings whose architect remained unknown or ambiguous to date, the exhibition Architect of Changing Time: Edoardo De Nari also reflects, through the different styles of the architect, the aesthetic proclivities of a cosmopolitan upper class enjoying their final days in İstanbul. The memories, letters, journals, photographs, documents, and drawings comprising the exhibition not only provide us with a glimpse into the daily life and social circle of the architect, but they also mirror the sorrowful final period of a Beyoğlu bourgeoisie and a cosmopolitan İstanbul that no longer exist today.

Selected Works: Park Hotel (partially), Tepebaşı Casa D'Italia renovation, Elmadağ Surp Agop Apartments, Beyoğlu Şark (Lüks) ve Saray (Glorya) cinemas, Lion Mağazası, Santa Maria Draperis Church renovation, Saint'Antonio Kilisesi Construction and Karaköy L'Union Han. Atlı Köşk 1927 (now Sabanci Museum) of Prens Mehmed Ali Hasan grandson of Hıdiv İsmail Paşa is also by Edouard De Nari.






In 1913, the Istanbul associate concessionaire was Marcos Langas co-founder with G.Mongeri, E. de Nari of the Fabriques Unies de Ciment Arslan and director of the Société Anonyme Ottomane des Constructions  (S.A.O.C.)

De Nari' was a naval officer who arrived to istanbul in December 14 1895 and married the daughter of Mortman (German) familiy  daughter Christina on February 24, 1899.
[1] “Each big city undergoes change from one generation to the next. İstanbul, however, changed in a different way. A Parisian or a Londoner from each generation recalls the state of the city in which s/he was born and lived in thirty-forty years ago with some degree of sorrow due to a range of new customs, forms of entertainment, and architectural styles. İstanbul did not change this way; over the course of the fifteen years between 1908 and 1923, she completely lost her former identity,” writes Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, whose observations are undoubtedly accurate. It is, however, also a fact that the real change of identity occurred after the 1950s as a consequence of the rapid disintegration of the non-Muslim class that played a crucial role in the socio-economic life of the city in the late Ottoman period, the loss of wealth and prestige Muslim elites experienced, and the intense migration from rural to urban areas. Today’s İstanbulites live in such a different city amidst such a serious memory loss that they surely have very few memories they would “recall with sorrow.”

The exhibition series on architects and city planners that Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation İstanbul Research Institute initiated with Raimondo D’Aronco and Henri Prost continues with Edoardo De Nari. We sincerely hope that the exhibition will intrigue visitors interested in the recent architectural history and social life of İstanbul.
M. Baha Tanman

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Word Origin | Cezve, Ibrik

November 21, 2013, 12:17 pm
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Mavi Boncuk |  

ibrik:

from Arabic ibrīḳ/ewer إبريق sürahi/water carafe ~ old Persian *ābrīk "su döken" āb su/water +  rēχtan akıtmak, dökmek/pour  stem of verb ریختن (rikhtan, “to pour”) modern Persian ābrīz 'dir

In Greece, the device is called a briki (μπρίκι). 

(The same Greek word is also used for brig. However, the English word brig is in origin an abbreviation for brigantine and is unrelated to ibrik.) The Greek name is more commonly used in English-speaking countries such as the United States and Australia because of their large Greek immigrant populations.

Elsewhere, the cezve is known as an ibrik, which is also its most common name in the United States. The same usage is common in Romania. Ibrik is Turkish word from Arabic `ibriq in turn a rendition of Persian a:bri:z - a:b water, ri:z (older rêz) a cup.

In Turkey, 'ibrik' has another meaning, it is again used for long spouts but used for handling liquids like oil and wine, not for brewing coffee.

cezve:

1680 ceδve köz, kor
1876 ceδve kahve pişirecek ibrik from Arabic caḏwa  جذوة . ateş parçası/hot cinder , kor/ember, 2. ateşten köz almaya yarayan çubuk/device used to take amber from a fire to start another fire.


The name cezve is of Arabic origin, but the spelling derives from the Ottoman Turkish spelling in Arabic script (جذوه), based on Arabic جذوة, meaning a burning log or coal (presumably because the pot was heated on them).[1]
In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Croatia it is a long-necked coffee pot, spelled "džezva".

Raqwa (rakwa) — Rakwa is an Arabic word used in the Levant for a small coffee pot of copper, having a long handle (originally a leather bag for water, later a coffee pot).

Zezwa — The Tunisian name derived from Cezve.

Kanaka — The Egyptian Arabic term.
Ghallāye — The Palestinian term.



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Poetry | Sait Sitki Taranci's Abbas

November 21, 2013, 1:09 pm
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Another Mavi Boncuk translation.

Mavi Boncuk |
December 2012 translation by MAM

Haydi Abbas, vakit tamam;
Akşam diyordun işte oldu akşam.
Kur bakalım çilingir soframızı;
Dinsin artık bu kalp ağrısı.
Şu ağacın gölgesinde olsun;
Tam kenarında havuzun.
Aya haber sal çıksın bu gece;
Görünsün şöyle gönlümce.
Bas kırbacı sihirli seccadeye,
Göster hükmettiğini mesafeye
Ve zamana.
Katıp tozu dumana,
Var git,
Böyle ferman etti Cahit,
Al getir ilk sevgiliyi Beşiktaş'tan;
Yaşamak istiyorum gençliğimi yeni baştan…

Sait Sitki Taranci[1]

Hey Abbas time is up
By night you said it is now;
Set our small table with drinks;
Time to quell our heartache.
Say under the shadow of that tree;  
Just by the edge of the pool.
Send a request for moon to show up
Appearing to my hearts content
Whip the magic carpet
to show that you rule the distance
and time.
Raise the dust
Go now,
So decreed Cahit
Fetch and bring from Besiktas my first lover
i want to live my youth once again

[1] Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı (born Hüseyin Cahit on October 4, 1910 – January 12, 1956) Turkish poet and author. Tarancı belonged to a well known clan family of Diyarbekir like his father Pirinççizâde Bekir Sıdkı and his uncle Pirinççizâde Aziz Feyzi.

1]
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Toponymical Changes in the Eastern Provinces

November 21, 2013, 1:23 pm
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Mavi Boncuk | 

Source The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950 By Ugur Ümit Üngör Chart from
Şerafettin Zeyrek Turkiye'de Halkevleri ve Halkodalari 2006
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From Naum Theatre to Flower Passage

November 21, 2013, 3:08 pm
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1200 seat Naum Theatre.

Mavi Boncuk |

The land of the Flower Passage was originally occupied by the famous Naum Theatre. Mihail Naum, the owner and administrator of the Naum Theatre, bought the building of Bosco Theatre[1]. After small renovations the Théatre de Péra was opened in 1844. Lucrezia Borgia was the first opera that was staged.
The wood theatre building had to be rebuilt after a big fire and opened in 1849 as Théatre Italien Naum. Sultan Abdülhamid II and Sultan Abdülazizof the Ottoman Empire attended several operas that were hosted there. Even before it was staged in Paris, Giuseppe Verdi’s famous opera II Trovatore was staged in this theatre which had become one of the most important cultural centers of Istanbul and Europe.

Due to the great fire of Pera in 1870, the Naum Theatre collapsed. A Greek banker Hristaki Zargos bought the land and built a shopping arcade with flats designed by an Levantine Greek/Italian architect Cleanthy Zanno. There were 24 shops and 18 luxurious flats. The shopping arcade was called Hristaki Pasajı and the whole building was called Cité de Pera.

In the first years of the passage there were various shops, among which Acemyan’s tobacco shop, Maison Parret and Vallaury’s patisserie, Pandelis’s flower shop, Schumaher’s bakery, Keserciyan’s tailor shop, Yorgo’s tavern and Sideris’s fur shop.

In 1908 the building was bought by the Ottoman Grand Vizier Sait Paşa and it became known as the Sait Paşa Passage. After the 1917 Revolution of Russia, many noble Russian women, including baronesses, came to Istanbul and opened flower shops in Cité de Pera. Because of the presence of all those flower shops, the place became a flower auction place as well. Today people still refer to the arcade as the Çiçek Pasajı.

[1] Bosco Theatre (1840-1844) and Naum Theatres (1844-47 and 1848-1870)
The theatre that the Italian illusionist Giovanni Bartolomeo Bosco founded in Beyoglu in 1840 was the basis for the Naum Theatre to follow, which was the "home" of Italian opera and theatre (And 1989: 31). Mihail Naum undertook the theatre and founded his Naum Theatre, which was an important époque in the theatre of Tanzimat Period, and which served the dispersion of opera-going for 25 years. Mihail Naum renovated the theatre and opened it in 1844: Lucrezia Borgia was the first opera to be performed (29th December 1844) by the Italian actors commissioned by Naum (Sevengil 1969:26). Naum's first theatre burned down in the 1846 Beyoglu Fire, which led Naum to rebuild his theatre anew, this time with support from foreign embassies, and also from the Sultan. The second Naum Theatre premiered with Macbeth on 4th October 1848 (Sevengil 1969:29).
SOURCE

In 1840, Gaetano Donizetti's Belisario became the first opera to be translated into Turkish, and was performed at the newly built theatre by Italian architect Bosco. The theater was transferred to Tütüncüoğlu Michael Naum Efendi in 1844, who continued to arrange opera performances for the following 26 years. An important public opera performance was Giuseppe Verdi's Ernani, staged by an Italian company in Beyoğlu in 1846. Also in 1846, Naum Efendi's theatre was destroyed by fire and was replaced by a new one. During the period of 1846–1877, operas of Verdi, performed mostly by Italian companies, reached a wide audience. One of the earliest Turkish operettas was Leblebici Horhor (Horhor the chick pea seller),by the Armenian composer Dikran Çuhacıyan who is also remembered as the composer of what may have been the first original opera in Turkish, Arif'in Hilesi (Arif's Deception) 1874.
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Profile | Joseph Niego (1863–1945)

November 21, 2013, 3:43 pm
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Mavi Boncuk | Joseph Niego (1863–1945) also known as Yosef Niego was born in Andrinople/Edirne, Turkey into a rabbinical Behmoiras family though he did not embrace a rabbinical career.


Joseph Niego was sent to France to the Faculty of Agriculture in order to help Mikveh Israel cultivate the land. Thanks to the Eucalyptus trees he imported to the Holy Land, he dried the swamps that prevented agricultural development.
In 1891, Baron Moritz de Hirsch founded the Jewish Colonization Association (JCA) in order to help the Russian Jews who were suffering from anti-semitsm. In about 1891 he was appointed director of the *Mikveh Israel Agricultural School (near Tel Aviv). In 1898, Joseph Niego arranged a meeting between Kaiser Wilhelm II and Theodor Herzl in Palestine. In 1896 Baron Hirsch appointed Joseph Niego as the advisor of JCA in Palestine. Aware of the unemployment and integration problem of the Russian Jewish immigrants, Joseph Niego decided to build economically viable "work-farms" which was a primitive form of a modern day Kibbutz.

In 1911, Joseph Niego founded the B'NAI B'RITH Grand Lodge District XI that covered all Ottoman lands.

He served in this post for 18 years, and during that time he went to Kurdistan on behalf of the *Alliance Israélite Universelle. On his return he presented an interesting report about the Kurdish Jews which was published in French and in a Hebrew translation. Later he was nominated as inspector of the Jewish Colonization Association agricultural settlements in Oriental and European countries, including its colonies in Palestine (Gederah, Be'er-Toviyyah, Sejera, Ḥaderah, etc.). He remained at this post for 20 years. His headquarters were in Istanbul, but he was also very active in agricultural research in Anatolia.

In 1923, his employment at JCA was terminated when Turkey was declared a democracy and could not allocate any more regions of its territory for the settlement of Jewish refugees.

Joseph Niego was 60 years old. By the suggestion of the American ambassador Morgenthau, he was employed by the American Joint Jewish Distribution Committee, as head of a fund that offered assistance to small Jewish businesses: ‘Caisse de petits pres de Constantinople’. As head of a fund that offered loans to the small and medium Jewish businesses. The impact of this association helped the Jewish community of Turkey to flourish economically.
The B'NAI B'RITH lodge in Israel is named after Joseph Niego in order to recognize and honor a life of service to the Jewish causes.[1]

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Cinquante Années de Travail dans les Oeuvres Juives… Bulletin Publié à l'Occasion du sixante-dixième Anniversaire… J. Niego (1933); M.D. Gaon, Yehudei ha-Mizraḥ be-Ereẓ Yisrael, 2 (1938), 468f.; M. Benayahu, Massa Bavel(1955), 43.
[1] JOSEPH NIEGO LODGE 
Kaplan St. 10 Tel-Aviv - P.O.BOX: 39637 Tel-Aviv 61396 bneibis@zahav.net.il
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