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Ragıp Paşa Library

November 22, 2013, 7:37 am
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Mavi Boncuk |

Ragıp Paşa[1] Library from a picture from Jouannin's Turquie[2] published by Lemaitre. Established by Ragıp Paşa in 1762, the building has a unique architectural design. The walls of the reading hall are decorated with exquisite ceramic tiles. It has 6,300 books and is open between the hours of 9:00 and 17:00 for the readers. 


[1]Koca Ragıp Pasha, or more formally Koca Mehmet Ragıp Pasha (1698 İstanbul - 1763 İstanbul) was an Ottoman (Turkish) grand vizier. He is also known as a good poet. 

[2] Turquie / par Jh Mie Jouannin et par Jules van Gaver. (Paris : Firmin Didot frères, 1840), by Joseph Marie Jouannin FULL VIEW



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A Widespread Mistake about Emanuel Caraso

November 22, 2013, 8:32 am
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Mavi Boncuk |
Perhaps the most famous name associated with the Young Turk revolution is that of Emanuel Caraso (sometimes spelled Carasso and the family eventually adopted the spelling Karasu). He was a Sephardic Jew from Salonica (1862-1934) and by profession a lawyer. Wrongly described as the founder of the Macedonia Rissorta[*] Lodge in Salonica by some, he was in fact promoted to Grandmaster of the said Lodge in the early 1890s. 

Given the Lodge was granted a charter by the Grand Orient of Italy in 1864, through its Istanbul “Italia” lodge[1], it was impossible for Caraso to be the lodge founder. In reality Han Barouh Cohen, an Italian Jew was the founder[2].

Caraso, as Grandmaster for the Italian Grand Orient in Salonica, was able to offer the use of the Lodges under his control, as meeting houses for what became the Young Turk movement. Under this diplomatic immunity the Young Turk conspirators were able to meet to discuss the overthrow of the Sultan. 

[*] Easter Macedonia

[1] Therefore, for Caraso to have reached the position of Lodge grandmaster, the Lodge which granted and therefore OWNS the charter for his Macedonia Rissorta Lodge, is the Lodge that will have given him this appointment. In this case the charter was granted by the Grand Orient of Italy, through and not by the Istanbul Italia Lodge. This means that the grandmaster of the Istanbul Italia Lodge would have been at a similar rank to the granmaster of the Macedonia Rissorta.  Therefore in this case ‘head office’ in Turin must have appointed Caraso. SOURCE

The lodge Italy was established in Constantinople in 1862. The list of members was never located. One of the few names connected with the birth of this lodge is that of the Marquis Camillo Caracciolo Bella (1821-1888), Ambassador the Kingdom of Italy in Constantinople between 1862 and 1863. The lodge depended on the Grand Orient of Italy, in Turin the capital of the Kingdom of Italy.

[2] Sam Levy, Salonique XIXth à la Fin du Siècle, ISIS Press, Istanbul, 2000, p. 74.
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Cooking Book by the Late Italian Kurdologist Mirella Galetti

November 22, 2013, 2:13 pm
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Mavi Boncuk |

Mirella Galletti[1], Fuad Rahman, Kurdistan. Cucina e tradizioni del popolo curdo, Torino, Ananke, 2008, pp. 111
Published by Ananke Editori | 
ISBN: 8873252206 | ISBN-13: 9788873252207

Marco Polo (1254 – 1324), famous for the first “world trip”, met Kurds in Mosul on his way to China, and he wrote what he had learned about Kurdistan and the Kurds to enlighten his European contemporaries. The Italian Kurdologist Mirella Galetti, sorted these writings which were translated into Kurdish.

The book is divided into four parts: a historical introduction to the Kurdistan, history and cuisine of traditional foods, poems and stories related to the kitchen, a number of Kurdish traditional recipes. The poems are accompanied by Arabic text, as well as the names of the traditional recipes. (translated from Italian)

[1] Professor Mirella Galletti, eminent specialist in Kurdish studies and active member of the Kurdish Institute of Paris since its foundation in 1983, was born in 1949, near Bologna, in Italy. She received her PhD. in Political Science in1974, at Bologna University with a thesis on “The political structure and cultural values of Kurdish society”.


Ever since the 1970s, she has travelled to the Middle East, especially in Kurdistan, to carry out her research work. When the Iraq-Iran War broke out in 1980, she was in Teheran. The following year, Mirella Galletti secured a press card and was one of the first Europeans to interview Abdullah Ocalan, in June 1988 in the Lebanon, and in 1988 she met the Iraqi Kurdish refugees who had fled from the Anfal campaign.

Since the 1990s Mirella Galletti has been teaching Kurdish history and civilisation at Bologna and Trieste Universities, while continuing to make long visits to Iraqi Kurdistan and taking part in University symposia in various countries. During the 2000’s, she has been successively teaching the Law of Islamic communities at Venice’s Ca' Foscari University and the History of Transnational Peoples of Western Asia at Milan-Bicocca. University. Appointed Professor at Naples Orientale University, she has been teaching Arab and Moslem History there.

She passed away on September 4, 2012

Foundation-Kurdish Institute of Paris 106, rue La Fayette, F-75010, Paris  Tel.: +33 (0)1 48 24 64 64  Fax.: +33 (0)1 48 24 64 66 

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"two Venetian gentlemen arrived from Constantinople"..."with a cargo of tin, caviare and tallow"

November 22, 2013, 5:43 pm
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The English parliamentary system of government was modeled explicitly on the Venetian system of a Great Assembly and Senate that controls the doge. England officially in 1688 became an oligarchy.

This formality was merely the tip of the iceberg. The Venetian takeover of England had been nearly a 200-year project, proceeding in two phases. The first began in the 1530s under Henry VIII with the break from Rome engineered by Thomas Cromwell. The later, more radical, phase was the takeover of England by the Giovani (``the young ones'') of Paolo Sarpi, beginning 70 years later.

Praise the archivists and read on..
Mavi Boncuk |


21 Feb.2. Edm. Harvel to the Lord of the Privy Seal.

R. O.I wrote last on the 14th inst. and have since, by letters of my friend Thos. Stace, learnt the provision of 20s. a day which the King has given me by patent, to begin at the feast of St. John's last, with three months beforehand. Expresses his gratitude for this and affection to the lord Privy Seal, who has drawn him out of misery and care into the King's favour. Encloses a letter of thanks to the King.
As he wrote on the 14th, two Venetian gentlemen arrived from Constantinople in 34 days, professing to have escaped; but it is suspected they brought letters from the Turk to the Signory announcing the confirmation of peace which Cantelmo, the French king's man, and a Venetian gentleman are expected with daily. French practises with the Turk continue, for Ant. Brucioli says he lately saw five letters that go to Rincon in Constantinople from the French king secretly. The Turk makes great preparations by sea and land, against Italy it is thought. Notwithstanding the peace, the Venetians prepare a great navy. The Imperials also assemble a navy at Genis, where they expect 20 galleys out of Spain, besides ships retained in all places. Also 12,000 Spaniards shall come to Italy. No more mention of the bp. of Rome's practises for the purchase of the duchy of Florence (for 1,200,000 cr.) and other towns. If the Emperor comes to Italy the said practises are not unlikely. These men have taken ships of Ragusa laden with wheat and expect ships out of Cyprus with corn. A Venetian ship, rich above 20,000l. st., was lately taken by Barbarossa on his way to Constantinople, where he is now arrived and in great estimation. Venice, 21 Feb. 1540.
Hol., pp. 3. Add.

'Henry VIII: Appendix', Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 15: 1540 (1896), pp. 569-570. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/ Date accessed: 23 November 2013.


1601. Jan. 7. Original Despatch, Venetian Archives. 941. Agostino Nani, Venetian Ambassador in Constantinople to the Doge and Senate. The French Ambassador told me that his most Christian Majesty had lately sent an answer to the Sultan's letter on the subject of the Ambassador's congé which was refused months ago, unless another Ambassador arrived to fill his place. His most Christian Majesty now declares that as he finds he is well served by the Ambassador he will not change him for the present. Some days ago an English bertone arrived here with a cargo of tin, caviare and tallow (caviari e seui). The English Ambassador, with the help of the Chief Gardner, (Bostarigi Pasha), who alone supports him; induced the Sultan to come down to the seaside kiosk to watch the ship sail in with flags and pennons flying, and to hear the double salute, very smartly fired by the artillery. And with this empty smoke the English blind the eyes of the Turk so that he cannot see their rapine and their cruelty (et con questi vanni fumi aciecano Inglesi gli occhi a questi in maniera che non vegono le loro rapine et crudeltà). Dalle Vigne di Pera, 7th January 1600 [m.v.]. [Italian; deciphered.]

Venice: January 1601', Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 9: 1592-1603 (1897), pp. 438-444. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/ accessed: 23 November 2013


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Book | British Rhetoric and Turkish Response: The Lausanne Conference, 1922-1923

November 23, 2013, 8:33 am
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Mavi Boncuk |
Title:Strategies and Struggles
Subtitle:British Rhetoric and Turkish Response: The Lausanne Conference, 1922-1923 By Sevtap Demirci[1]
Series:Analecta Isisiana: Ottoman and Turkish Studies 
Publisher:Gorgias Press & The Isis Press
ISBN:978-1-61719-120-6
Publication Date:8/2010
Pages:218

Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, the harsh terms of the treaty of Sèvres were imposed by the victorious powers in 1920. However, the nationalist struggle allowed the nascent Turkish Republic to renegotiate a more favourable settlement at the Lausanne conference in 1923. Sevtap Demirci’s Strategies and Struggles explores the emergence of Britain as a new Middle East power and how it dealt with the changing military and diplomatic situation in Anatolia. Demirci’s work is the first exhaustive attempt to study the evolving diplomatic strategies of Turkey and Britain before and during the Lausanne Conference. Demirci, making extensive use of the both Turkish and British primary sources, gives a chronological account of the conference as it occurred behind closed doors. Strategies and Struggles is, therefore, an important contribution to understanding both Britain’s interwar experience in the Middle East as well as the formative diplomatic efforts of the Turkish Republic.


Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS (page 7)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (page 9)
1 INTRODUCTION (page 11)
2 BACKGROUND TO THE CONFERENCE The Eastern Question and the European Solution (page 17)
3 PRELUDE TO THE CONFERENCE Reluctant Opponents: Britain and Turkey on the Eve of the Conference (page 45)
4 THE CONFERENCE:FIRST PHASE (November 20,1922-February 4,1923)The Opening Manoeuvres (page 71)
5 THE INTERVAL(February 4,1923-April 23,1923) (page 121)
6 THE SECOND PHASE(April 23,1923-July 24,1923) (page 151)
7 CONCLUSION (page 183)
APPENDIX (page 187)
BIBLIOGRAPHY (page 191)
INDEX (page 215)


[1] Sevtap Demirci, Associate Professor The Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History 

CURRENT RESEARCH SUBJECTS 

Turco-British Relations during the early Republican Era (1923-1938). 

Armenian Issue in the Ottoman Press: Comparative Analysis of Ottoman Newspapers; Ikdam, Sabah and Tanin 1908-1915. 

 Translation of Annual Reports related to 1920-1928. 

EDUCATION

University of London. The London School of Economics and Political Science, London, 
England. 1998, Doctorate (Ph.D.) International History. 
Dissertation Title: The Evolution of Turco-British Diplomatic Strategies during the 
Lausanne Conference:1922-1923. 

 University of Cambridge. Cambridge, England. 1990. Master of Philosophy in 
International Relations. (M.Phil.) 
Thesis Title: British Public Opinion towards the Ottoman Empire during the two Crises: 
Bosnia-Herzegovina 1908 and the Balkan Wars 1912-1913. 

 Marmara University. Institite for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences. Istanbul, Turkey. 
1982, Master of Arts (MA) 

 Marmara University, Faculty of Political Science- Department of International Relations. 
Istanbul, Turkey. 1980, (BA) 


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Lausanne and After

November 23, 2013, 9:28 am
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Venice, the Mamluks, Ottomans

November 24, 2013, 8:34 pm
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Mavi Boncuk |

The Mamluks inherited from the Fatimids (909–1171) and Ayyubids (1171–1260) the role of middlemen between South and Southeast Asiaand Europe in the valuable spice trade and in the movement of other goods by land and sea through the Damascus and the Red Sea routes. Venice consistently sought favorable privileges for its merchants and through these efforts became the Mamluks' main European trading partner. 

Several cities under Mamluk control had a permanent Venetian diplomatic representative with regular access to local authorities. Ties between the Venetian oligarchy, nobility, and merchant class and the Mamluk court and its retinue were particularly strong. The longest reigning doge of Venice, Francesco Foscari (r. 1423–57), was even born in Mamluk Egypt. 

Mamluk rule finally came to an end when Syria and then Egypt fell to the Ottomans in 1516–17. It was in the years leading up to this event that commercial exchange between the Mamluks and Venice intensified. As a result, a dazzling array of goods—textiles, spices, metals, medicines, pigments, precious stones, glass, and paper—traveled in both directions. Mamluk trade and, in some cases, direct artistic influence shaped the fashion in Venice for Islamic-style bookbindings, the development of inlaid metalwork, and the taste for blue-and-white ceramics in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. 

Venetians perforce developed commercial and diplomatic relations with the Ottomans. "Being merchants," the Venetian ambassador to the Sublime Porte wrote in 1553, "we cannot live without them." Territorial disputes in the Balkanic border region led to the Ottoman-Venetian wars of 1463–79, 1499–1503, 1537–40, and 1570–73, but both parties generally sought peaceful coexistence rather than conflict in the name of trade. So important was the Ottoman empire to the Venetians that the ambassador to the Sublime Porte was regarded as the most senior post in the Venetian diplomatic service and was the highest paid. Venice itself received regular visits from Ottoman dignitaries, as numerous documents attest. 

Venice relied on the Ottomans for wheat, spices, raw silk, cotton, leather, and calcified ashes for the Murano glass industry. In return, Venice exported finished goods, namely glass, soap, paper, and textiles. In addition, it also produced maps, clocks, portraits, and luxury arts. Trade with the Islamic world made an indelible imprint on the decorative arts of Venice. Pottery, parade armor, furniture, bookbindings, textiles, pattern books, and inlaid metalwork are just some of the many Venetian arts in which distinctly Ottoman techniques and/or motifs can be observed.
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Word Origin | Turc

November 25, 2013, 9:01 am
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Mavi Boncuk |

Turk c.1300, from FR Turc, from M.L. Turcus, from Byzantine GR Tourkos, Persian. Turk, a national name, of unknown origin. Said to mean "strength" in Turkish. 

Chinese tu-kin, name given c.177 B.C.E. as that of a people living south of the Altai Mountains (identified by some with the Huns). 

In Persian, Turk, in addition to the national name, also could mean "a beautiful youth,""a barbarian,""a robber.

Turk "Meaning" person of Irish descent" is first recorded 1914 in U.S., apparently originating among Irish-Americans; of unknown origin (Irish torc "boar, hog" has been suggested). 

Young Turk (1908) was a member of an early 20 century political group in the Ottoman Empire that sought rejuvenation of the Turkish nation. 

Turkish bath is attested from 1640s; Turkish delight from 1877.
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Suleiman Effendi 1774 | Ambassadors as Cultural Actors in the Ottoman-European Relations

November 25, 2013, 9:17 am
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Friedrich Schrader (1865 -1922)

November 25, 2013, 9:27 am
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http://archive.org/details.php?identifier=konstantinopelve00schr
http://archive.org/details.php?identifier=konstantinopelve00schr

http://home.us.archive.org/details/trkischefrauen0708mfuoft
http://archive.org/stream/trkischefrauen0708mfuoft#page/n7/mode/2up
The two books "Konstantinopel in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart" and "Türkische Frauen" were written / translated by Friedrich Schrader (1865-1922). To make the confusion complete, the latter Friedrich Schrader originally was an indologist like F.O. Schrader, too, as his Ph.D. thesis he translated the Karmapradipa, an ancient vedic sutra, under the supervision of the legendary Richard Pischel 


Friedrich Schrader.

Friedrich Schrader (November 19, 1865 - August 1922) was a German philologist of oriental languages, orientalist, art historian, writer, social democrat, translator and journalist. He also used the pseudonym Ischtiraki (Arabic/Ottoman for "the socialist"). He lived from 1891 until 1918 in Constantinople (today Istanbul)
Studies in Magdeburg and Halle (1865-1891)

Born in Wolmirstedt, Prussia, Friedrich Schrader passed his Abitur at the Domgymnasium Magdeburg. After studies of Oriental Languages and art history at the University of Halle he wrote his Ph. D. thesis on a translation of the "Karmapradipa" (an important Vedic sutra) into German. The work WAS done under the supervision of Professor Richard Pischel, at that time the most eminent scholar on vedic languages.

Teacher in Constantinople (1891-1907)
In 1891 Schrader took a position as a lecturer at Robert College in Bebek, close to Constantinople, where he liveD with his family on the campus. Around 1900 he was "professeur" at a French-Armenian lycée in Pera, the European quarter of Constantinople (today Istanbul-Beyoğlu), and later at the German School (Alman Lisesi). Starting from the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II, Schrader began to translate contemporary Turkish literature and to write articles about it in German journals and newspapers such as Das Literarische Echo and Frankfurter Zeitung.

From 1900, Schrader worked as a foreign correspondent for different German newspapers and journals. In the same period he published several articles in the official newspaper of the German SPD (Social Democratic Party), Vorwärts and in the theoretical journal of the party, Die Neue Zeit. In the articles, which he published under the pseudonym "Ischtiraki", he strongly criticized the official German policy in the Ottoman Empire, especially the focus on exploitation of economic and military-strategic interests while neglecting cultural exchange between the two nations and not engaging in the development of a modern civil society in the Ottoman Empire.

From 1907 until 1908 Schrader worked as a lecturer at the Russian Commercial College in Baku, and undertook field studies in the Caucasus region. One of his research topics were the Persian temples close to Baku located at natural gas sources, which are used for ritual flames.

In 1908-1917 Schrader, after the Ottoman revolution of 1908, returned to Constantinople and became, after some failed attempts to found a bilingual Turkish-German newspaper with Young Turkish friends (because the Turkish parts had to be printed with Arabic letters, the production costs became too high [1] ), co-founder and deputy Editor-in-chief for the bilingual (French-German) Constantinople-based daily newspaper Osmanischer Lloyd (French title Lloyd Ottoman). The paper was co-financed by the consortium running the Baghdad Railway project, the German Foreign Office, and the Berlin-based Bleichröder Bank. Schrader's feuilleton contributions about literature, arts, monuments and history of Constantinople were re-printed in many leading German daily newspapers (Frankfurter Zeitung, Kölnische Zeitung, Magdeburgische Zeitung), being collected in 1917 in the book Konstantinopel in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart.

Starting from 1908, Schrader lived with his British wife [1] and his three sons in an apartment in the Dogan Apartmani [2]i n Beyoğlu.

Expert for the protection of monuments in Istanbul (1917-1918)In 1917 Schrader resigned from his post at the Osmanischer Lloyd (because of an internal conflict with other editors, and his increasing frustration about the German Middle East Policy) and focused on his historical and architectural interests. He became member of the Constantinople Municipal Commission for the Registration and Listing of Islamic and Byzantine monuments (which included the well-known Armenian photographer Hagop Iskender, at that time owner of the photography company Sabah and Joaillier. With a team of Turkish experts Schrader systematically catalogized monuments in the city threatened by the impact of war activities. Using archeological investigations, research, and interviews with locals, informations about the monuments were systematically gathered, while the monuments were photographed by Iskender. Valuable artefacts were recovered and preserved in the Archeological Museum of the city. The work remained unfinished since Schrader was forced to leave Constantinople after the German-Ottoman capitulation in November 1918.
In 1919, Schrader published a brief summary of the activities in a German journal (see below), the whereabouts of the recorded and collected material is unknown.

Journalist in Berlin (1919-1922)
In 1918-19 Schrader escaped from internment by the Allies by ship to Odessa. He left his ill British-Bulgarian wife and a male child in Constantinople. His two older sons, who were serving in the German-Turkish navy, were both demobilized to Germany. From Odessa he travelled in a railroad freight car through the war-ravaged Ukraine to Brest-Litovsk, where he reached the German front line. In his diary, published in Germany in 1919, he described several dangerous situations in connection with the various civil war factions, but also the very warm reception and strong support the refugees receive by the local Jewish population.

In Berlin, Schrader tried in vain to obtain employment in academia or diplomacy. From 1919 to 1920 he worked for the SPD-owned theoretical journal Die Neue Zeit, which had been the internationally most important Socialist and Marxist publication since the 1880s. In several articles Schrader voiced his criticism of the failed German Middle East policies before and during the First World War, especially in relation with the support for the Young Turkish regime and its attitude towards non-Muslim minorities. In an article published in 1920, Die Ägyptische Frage ("The Egyptian Question"), Schrader warned about possibly fateful and negative results of the Anglo-French colonial politics in the former Ottoman provinces Egypt, Palestine and Syria after World War I.
Schrader spent the last two years of his life in Berlin as freelance journalist, mainly writing for Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung (DAZ), which was in the early years of the Weimar Republic still a liberal centre-right publication supporting the consolidation of Germany in the Weimar Republic (the foreign policy editor and later editor in chief at that time was Paul Lensch, a former SPD politician and associate of Parvus and Rosa Luxemburg).

Schrader died in August 1922 in Berlin, few weeks after DAZ had published his historic novel Im Banne von Byzanz.

Works

Konstantinopel in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart (1917) ("Constantinople - Past and Present")
Eine Flüchtlingsreise durch die Ukraine - Tagebuchblätter meiner Flucht aus Konstantinopel (1919) ("A refugee voyage through Ukraine - diary of my flight from Constantinople")
Im Banne von Byzanz (1922, novel, published in "Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung") ("Mesmerized by Byzantium")
[edit]Selected journal articles
Neutürkisches Schrifttum: Das Literarische Echo, Band 3, 1900, S. 1686-1690
Ischtiraki, 1900, Das geistige Leben in der Türkei und das jetzige Regime: Die Neue Zeit, Jahrgang 18, Band 2, pp. 548–555
Ischtiraki, 1900, Vom Goldenen Horn: Vorwärts, Unterhaltungsbeilage, 31. Mai 1900 – 1. Juni 1900
Die Kunstdenkmäler Konstantinopels: Der Neue Orient, 1919, Band 5, S. 302-304 und 352-354
Politisches Leben in der Türkei: Die Neue Zeit, 1919, Jahrgang 37, Band 2, pp. 460–466
Das Handwerk bei den Osmanli-Türken: Die Neue Zeit, 1919, Jahrgang 38, Band 1, pp. 163–168
Die Lage der ackerbauenden Klasse in der Türkei: Die Neue Zeit, 1920, Jahrgang 38, Band 1, pp. 317–319
Das Jungtürkische Lausanner Programm: Die Neue Zeit, 1920, Jahrgang 38, Band 2, pp. 6–11, 31-35
Die ägyptische Frage: Die Neue Zeit, 1920, Jahrgang 38, Band 2, pp. 172 – 177
[edit]Sources

Martin Hartmann, 1910, Unpolitische Briefe aus der Türkei: Leipzig, Verlag Rudolf Haupt
Otto Flake, 1914, Aus Konstantinopel: Neue Rundschau, 15. Jg., Bd. 2, S. 1666 - 1687 (reprinted in: Das Logbuch, S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt, 1917
Max Rudolf Kaufmann, Eine literarische Entdeckung - Schraders „Konstantinopel“: Mitteilungen der Deutsch-Türkischen Gesellschaft, Heft 17, 1957, S. 13-14 ISSN 0415-5289
Çelik Gülersoy, Bibliographie: „Istanbul“ de Friedrich Schrader: Touring Et Automobile Club de Turquie: Janvier 1959, pp. 31–32
N.N., Nachruf auf Dr. Friedrich Schrader, Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, 30. August 1922
And, Metin, Mesrutiyet Döneminde - Türk Tiyatrosu 1908-1923: Türkiye Is Bankasi Kültür Yayinlari - 108, Ankara, 1971 (in Turkish language, mentions a memorial event staged by Schrader in 1909 in Istanbul on the occasion of the 150th death anniversary of Friedrich Schiller)



Karl Kautsky Papers at the IISG Amsterdam: Letter of Friedrich Schrader to Karl Kautsky, dated July 1900, D XX 441
[edit]References

Irmgard Farah: Die deutsche Pressepolitik und Propagandatätigkeit im Osmanischen Reich von 1908–1918 unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des „Osmanischen Lloyd“. Beiruter Texte und Studien, Band 50, Hrsg. vom Orient-Institut der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Beirut 1993, ISBN 3-515-05719-6

Mrs Fanny Christine Goldstein Schrader (b. Kyustendil, Bulgaria, Apr. 4, 1873-d. Istanbul, Turkey, Sep. 20, 1919) Burial: Ferikoy Mezarligi, Istanbul, Turkey. (Schrader's  first wife, Lina, died in 1902 and is also buried at Ferikoy (#68565486).

[1] Married to Dr Friedrich Schrader (Journalist, lecturer at Robert College, German Socialist Writer ("Ischtiraki"). British Nationality until marriage in 1903. While her husband was deported from Istanbul after the German defeat in November 1918, Fanny was allowed to stay in Istanbul, under the special protection of the representative of the Archbishop of Canterbury in Constantinople, Rev. Frew. 

http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schrader

[2] The Schraders had many British friends in the years before 1914, for example the Bond family, who also lived in the Dogan Apartmani complex, Mr. Bond worked for the Ottoman Bank.

1890 Built by Belgian Helbig family
See also: Belgium in the Ottoman Capital, From the Early Steps to 'la Belle Epoque'
The Centenary of "Le Palais de Belgique": 1900-2000

1919 auctioned to Mair de Botton Renamed Botton Ha
1929 sold to Berlin based Victoria insurance and renamed Victoria Han
1942 sold to Yapı Kredi Bank founder Kazım Taşkent's Doğan Sigorta/Insurance
1950-70 units converted to condominiums(45 units) and sold to individuals
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Helbig Family and Apartments

November 25, 2013, 9:30 am
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Portrait of Charles Helbig Sr. Helbig Family Collection, F-L de Wasseige


Mavi Boncuk | 

The Helbigs were one of the families of Belgian aristocrats and tradesmen who had been established in Constantinople[1] as early as the first half of the 19th century, had rapidly become part of the city's high society and were linked to ancient Levantine merchant dynasties traced centuries back in the city's history. Charles Helbig senior had come from Liège to Constantinople in 1848 to represent the commercial interests of an industrialist from his home town, Clément Francotte. Helbig settled, gradually involved himself in trade and banking and eventually married into the Balzac family.


The Helbig de Balzacs prospered, and established a trading company in 1860, registered as the "Société Belge d'Exportation" in Constantinople. The Helbigs also ventured into a variety of investments, such as the early horse-pulled tramways of Constantinople, but were above all bankers. At the outbreak of the Great War, the Banque Helbig was an important and well-respected institution in Kara-keuy's (Karaköy). It was people like Charles Helbig, and his sons Charles jr, Edmond and Albert that the traveller from Ghent, Alfred Bruneel was thinking of, when in 1867, he mentioned 'the pleasant society of the small colony of Belgians, presided over by a Smyrniote, Mr Keun, Consul General of Belgium, and his son'.

[1] Other, equally aristocratic and well-to-do Belgian houses, were the Coûteaux and the oldest one in town, the Frédéricis. François Frédérici had come in the 1830s to Constantinople as an agent for his family's linen factory in Verviers.

Helbig  Apartments

1890 Built by Belgian Helbig family
See also: Belgium in the Ottoman Capital, From the Early Steps to 'la Belle Epoque'
The Centenary of "Le Palais de Belgique": 1900-2000 Part 1 | Part 2

1919 auctioned to Mair de Botton (an ottoman Jew, manufacturer of tobacco cigarette paper) Renamed Botton Ha
1929 sold to Berlin based Victoria insurance and renamed Victoria Han
1942 sold to Yapı Kredi Bank founder Kazım Taşkent's Doğan Sigorta/Insurance
1950-70 units converted to condominiums(45 units) and sold to individuals




See also: Salman Yıldız,” Doğan Apartmanı” Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul 1994, s.79,80
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Safiye Ademoğlu | A True Success Story

November 25, 2013, 7:24 pm
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Mavi Boncuk |Safiye Ademoğlu is just one of Turkish Airlines' many female pilots. We've created this video to tell her story and thank all our talented and successful female pilots. Turkish Airlines has always supported female pilots, and will always continue to do so.

Turkish Airlines embraces the dreams of individuals invested in aviation, and provides them with all the opportunities an elite Aviation Academy has to offer. Be a part of this rapidly developing industry where the interest for pilots is expanding on a daily basis, and make valuable contributions to the global aviation scene with your accomplishments.
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Opening Salvo | The Threat to Turkish Freedom

November 25, 2013, 8:17 pm
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Opinion piece of Kemal Kilicdaroglu the leader of Turkey's Republican People's Party (CHP) for WSJ. 

Mavi Boncuk |

The Threat to Turkish Freedom The government in Ankara is democratic in name only. READ Full Text
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1923–1940 Magazines and Newspapers Published in Turkey

November 26, 2013, 12:32 pm
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Pictured Resimli Dünya 1924-192

Mavi Boncuk |1923–1940 Magazines and Newspapers Published in Turkey
Name | Publishing Year | Publisher | Published Location | Issue frequency

Çocuk Postasi 1923  Istanbul -
Sübban 1923 Recai Istanbul -
Talebe Mecmuasi 1923 Hikmet Arif Istanbul Bi-weekly
Genç Mektepliler 1924 Muallim Hilmi Istanbul Bi-weekly
Weekly Resimli Gazetemiz 1924 Tahsin Demiray Istanbul Weekly
Resimli Dünya 1924-1925 Orhan Seyfi Istanbul -
Resimli Eytam Mecmuasi 1925 Hamid Nuri Istanbul -
Resimli Mecmua 1925 Tahsin Demiray Istanbul -
Sevimli Mecmua 1925 M. Zekeriya Istanbul -
Yeni Yol 1925-1926 Muallim Tugrul Istanbul Weekly
Çiçek 1926 Ruhi Istanbul Bi-weekly
Gürbüz Türk Çocugu 1926-1928 Dr. Fuat Mehmet Istanbul Monthly
Çocuk Dünyasi 1927 - Istanbul Weekly
Annelere ve Çocuklara Salname 1927 Himaye-i Etfal Cemiyeti - Annually
Çocuk Yildizi 1927 - Izmir Weekly
Çocuk Sesi 1928 - - -
Gençlik 1928 Cemal Istanbul Monthly
Altun Kalem - Ahali Yurdu Bulgaristan Bi-weekly
Haciyatmaz - Diken Nesriyati Istanbul -
Çocuk Sesi 1932-1938 M. F.Gürtunca Istanbul Weekly
fien Çocuk 1932-1933 Mehmet Sükrü Istanbul Bi-weekly
Afacan 1934-1939 M. F.Gürtunca Istanbul Weekly
Çal›flkan Çocuk 1934-1935 Refik Emin Istanbul Weekly
Mektepli Gazetesi 1932-1935 M. Sami Karayel Istanbul Weekly
Oklahoma 1935-1955 Aladdin Kiral Istanbul Bi-weekly
Olgun Çocuk 1935 Burhan Bilbaflar Istanbul Weekly
Ates 1936-1938 Tahsin Demiray Istanbul Weekly
Çocuk 1936-1948 Fuat Umay Ankara Weekly
Gelincik 1936 M. F.Gürtunca Istanbul -
Ögretmen Ileri 1936-1937 N. Bilbaflar- B. Atasavar Istanbul unscheduled
Yavrutürk 1936-1942 Tahsin Demiray Istanbul Weekly
Yeni Kültür 1936-1945 K. Nami Duru Ankara Monthly
Cumhuriyet Çocugu 1938-1939 Zahide Tan Istanbul Weekly
Çocuk Gazetesi 1938 M. Muzaffer Istanbul -
Asrin Çocugu 1939-1940 Süha Tükel Izmir Weekly
Binbir Roman 1939-1952 Tahsin Demiray Istanbul Weekly





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Cigarette Papers

November 26, 2013, 2:25 pm
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Mavi Boncuk | Source
Mair de Botton, Tahtakale, Istanbul
Avram Mayorkas, Azaria Han no. 17, Marpuccular, Istanbul


Saul D. Modiano

The history of Modiano began in 1868 when David Saul Modiano, born in Greece moved to Trieste, Italy and around about 1889 began to manufacture cigarette papers. In europe at this time there was a considerable demand for cigarette papers and tubes and the company he set up began to manufacture them with different markings, Over several hundred brand names are recorded but most notable is the Club brand. The Graphic Art was entrusted to Giuseppe Sigon (1864-1922). The company had factories in Trieste and Bologna and many of the papers were produced for the european and middle eastern markets. Many of the booklets were produced in Austria.


C. H. Dragonis | Tchaoussi Freres & Cie


Several brands of booklet produced by these manufacturers at factory in Constinople/Istanbul

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Rail History in a Cigarette Paper

November 26, 2013, 2:41 pm
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Mavi Boncuk | 

Athanassoula Freres.
(Smyrne). 

Several brands of cigarette papers produced by this manufacturer at factories in Smyrne, Turkey and Trieste, Italy.

Chemin de Fer No 729.

The Smyrne Cassaba & Prolongements (English:Smyrna Cassaba & Prolongations), formerlyThe Smyrna Cassaba Railway, was a railway company operating in Western Anatolia from 1863 to 1934.

The Ottoman Government gave a concession to build a railway from İzmir to Cassaba on July 4, 1863. The concession was awarded to an English company "The Smyrna Cassaba Railway". The railway choose to have their terminus closer to İzmir's city center. Construction began ın 1864. The rail line opened to Manisa on October 10, 1865 and to Cassaba on January 10, 1866. The SCR then built a line to Bornova (splitting from the main line at Halkapınar), which opened on October 25, 1866. They were going to extend the line to Cassaba, but the SCR went bankrupt during the stock market crash in 1866. The SCR recovered after a second concession to Alaşehir. SCR completed the line to Alaşehir in 1875, however the construction was funded by the Ottoman Government. A third concession was awarded to the SCR in 1887 to build a branch to Soma from Manisa. This was completed in 1890 but the Ottoman Government once again financed the construction. The Ottoman Government always in need of finance decided to rationalize the structure of the Smyrna Cassaba Railway. It exercised its right to purchase the concession and the part of the line it not already owned. The concession was then sold to Nagelmackers, the founder the International Sleeping Car Company on February 17, 1893. The railway operation was transferred on 12 July 1893 to a new French company, the "Société Ottomane du Chemin de fer de Smyrne-Cassaba et Prolongements" (SCP), which was founded on July 16, 1893. The SCP received a concession to build from Alaşehir to Afyon. The SCP made an agreement with the Central Railway of Anatolia (CFOA) to connect the SCP's line with theirs at Afyon. The line to Afyon was completed in 1899. The SCP continued the line from Soma to Bandırma, which was completed in 1912. This became the shortest route between İzmir and İstanbul via ferry connection at Bandırma. After the Republic of Turkey was formed in 1923, Turkey has nationalized all railways in the country, thus the SCP was taken over by the Turkish State Railways in 1934.
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Turkishness of Tobacco

November 26, 2013, 2:47 pm
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Mavi Boncuk |      

By the mid 19th century, cigarettes were gaining in popularity in Europe. In 1843, the French Monopoly began the manufacture of cigarettes, a form of tobacco consumption which up until then had a reputation as “beggar’s’ smokes” based upon the cheap smokes made from discarded cigar scraps in neighboring Seville, Spain for hundreds of years. Meanwhile in England, soldiers returning from the Crimean War brought with them a taste for Turkish cigarettes and soon this more “sophisticated” form of smoking was in vogue throughout the city of  London. 

Enter a third type of tobacco, radically different from the other two. Turkish, sometimes called “Oriental,” tobacco has a tiny leaf, only a few inches long, quite distinctly different in both form and taste from the often two foot long leaves used in cigar manufacture. 

 Many of the very early cigarette factories in New York were owned and operated by Greek and Turkish immigrants. One such company was founded in 1868 by the Bedrossian Brothers who blended Virginia and Turkish tobacco into numerous brands with metropolitan sounding names.

There were, of course, hundreds of smaller cigarette firms operating out of back-room shops in most larger Northern cities during this era but their distribution capabilities were usually very limited. These operations typically employed fewer than a dozen Greek, Turkish or Bulgar rollers and turned out specialty “oriental” brands such as Khedive, Sultana, or Monopole. 

By 1880, a young man in Durham, NC with a long family  background in the tobacco business had come to the conclusion that cigarettes represented the future of his industry. James Buchannan Duke had grown up working with his father and brothers at the W.Duke & Sons Tobacco Company in Durham

One area of the cigarette industry which Duke had problems conquering was the network of small tobacconists who were still hand-rolling specialty brands of cigarettes in back-room shops of New York City. He did buy some of the larger of these firms including M. Melachrino,  S. Anargyros, Monopole, and Schinasi Bros., bringing on board their expensive Melachrino, Murad, Helmar, Mogul, Natural, Egyptian Prettiest, Egyptian Straightsand Egyptian Deities  all-Turkish brands.  Duke also sold a line of cheaper “Turkish blend” smokes for the national market. This group included the Hassan, Mecca and Fatima brands. 

Excerpted from Article
The Early History of Cigarettes in America
Richard Elliott, Brandstand Vol 34: (Spring 2009)

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The Schinasi Brothers of Manisa

November 26, 2013, 3:03 pm
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|Mavi Boncuk |
THE SCHINASI BROTHERS
1893---ca. 1907

Superior high quality cigarettes made from expensive imported Turkish tobacco were the dream of the two Schinasi brothers when in 1893 they open a small factory at 48 Broad Street, New York City. Solomon [1]and Morris [2] (who had changed his name from Mustafa) were immigrants from Turkey who had learned to make a good cigarette in Alexandra, Egypt. The brothers arrived in America with a single secret cigarette blend of rich Turkish tobaccos that they had developed after years of experimentation. 

By 1904 the success of their Natural, Prettiest, and Royal brands necessitated a move to a new and much larger six story building located on West 120th Street. The second floor of this modern factory was used to blend or mix the different Oriental tobaccos needed to make the popular Schinasi brands. The different cigarette blends called for the tobaccos to be mixed in blocks of 20,000 pounds at a time. Junior partner Morris made a yearly trip to the Schinasi purchasing house in Cavalla (now in Greece), Turkey where he supervised the selection of the many varieties of Turkish tobaccos needed. 

The Egyptian style cigarettes were rolled on the fourth floor using ten Ludington machines. As many as three hundred girls packed the finished cigarettes into the colorful Schinasi boxes on the third floor. In a March 1904 interview, Solomon Schinasi stated that as long as he and his brother controlled their business, smokers could continual to expect the same high quality smoke first produced in 1893. The brothers helped create a demand for Egyptian style cigarettes in the United States, and managed to sell enough of their Egyptian Prettiest[3] and Natural boxes for both to own homes in the expensive Morning Side Heights section of New York City. 

In 1907 Morris began building his family mansion at 107th Street and Riverside Drive, while Solomon bought Isaac Rice's mansion at 89th Street and Riverside Drive.

Having the knowledge and experience from their homeland, the two The Schinasi Brothers started their own cigarette company downtown, in a small factory on Broad Street. Success would come quickly and, by 1907, they needed more space for the expanding business and moved to a larger factory uptown on West 120th Street in what is now South Harlem. Morris by 1909 had the now famous family mansion built on 107th street at Riverside Drive and so was in walking distance from his new factory.

Both structures still stand today but in very different states. The Schinasi Mansion is on sale for $30 million while the factory is a more humble children's academy. The two photos above show the grand decline of the building over the years. Windows have been sealed over, parapets removed along with the main shop front. The sculpture portals seem to be the only detail recognizable to this day, but the building's longevity is a pleasant surprise in itself. Take the B,C train to 116th Street and walk to 120th Street between Morningside Avenue and Manhattan Avenue.

"SCHINASI BROS. SELL FOR $3,500,000 CASH; The Tobacco Products Corporation Absorbs Big Independent Industry. GETS MUCH TURKISH LEAF The Factories Acquired Turn Out About 250,000,000 Cigarettes a Year."NY Times March 3, 1916

[1] Solomon / Shlomo Schinasi, tobacco magnate; 1892 to US as tobacco merchant; 1895 formed Schinasi Bros. with his brother - firm sold in 1916 for $3.5m; d. 4 Oct 1919, worth $10m; a large part of his fortune went to establishing the Solmon Schinasi Memorial Hospital.

[2]  Morris / Moussa Schinasi, the tobacco manufacturer; b. 1855, Manisa, Turkey, to a poor Sephardi jewish family; d. 10 Sept 1928/9; 1870 to Alexandria were he worked for a tobacco merchant Garofollo; 1890 to US; 1892 created a hand-rolling machine; 1895 joint founder of Schinasi Bros. Co., of NYC; Hon. Pres. Federation of Oriental Jews; in his will he left the bequest that founed the Moris S,inasi Children’s Hospital in Manisa.

Morris lived as a bachelor until the age of 48; it was during a business visit to Salonica that he met the granddaughter of a colleague, Joseph Ben Rubi. He married the 16-year-old Laurette in 1903. They had three daughters (Victoria, Juliette and Altina).
[2] Marshall Neilan featured on a 1920s T83 Movie Stars - Schinasi Brothers Egyptian Prettiest Tobacco Card.

See Also: MORRIS SCHINASI AND THE MANISA CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL
The hospital was inaugurated on the 15th of August 1933 at a ceremony attended by the Governor of Manisa, Lütfü Kırdar. 

Family Ancestry page



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Tobacco in Kavala

November 26, 2013, 3:18 pm
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Mavi Boncuk | The first tobacco trade businesses belonged to Ottoman, Armenian, Jewish and Greek tobacco merchants, members of the diverse national communities that coexisted in the Ottoman Empire.

The composition of the tobacco workforce itself was also multicultural. The non-discrimination between the workers of the diverse nationalities is clearly stated in the charter of the Tobacco Workers International Union that was based in Kavala (1908).

The first big company that settled in Kavala in the middle of the 19th century was the House of Allatini, the well known Italian family of Thessaloniki. Later, the House was renamed into "Commercial Company of Salonica Ltd", and relocated its headquarters in London.
The Abbott Brothers moved from Thessaloniki to Kavala in 1858 and in 1884 followed the French Monopoly of REGIE (In the building that nowadays hosts the Mall).

The Austro-Hungarian "The Oriental Tobacco Trading Company Ltd" (M.L. Herzog et Cie) based in Budapest settled in Kavala in 1890. At the same period, another company, of English interests this time and with its headquarters based in London the "N. Mayer et Cie Ltd" also opened a branch in the city.

In 1901, the "American Tobacco Company"(ATC) moved in Kavala together with "Alston", "Gary", "M. Melachrino", as well as the Jewish "Schinasi Bros" which had its headquarters in New York.

More or less at the same period, the Cairo tobacco industries of A. Chelmis, K. Doulgaridis, N. Tsinaklis, M. Melachroinos, Demetrios and the Armenian O. Matossian founded some great tobacco Trade Houses in Kavala. Actually, in 1910, the great companies (Commercial, Herzog and ATC) were employing 6,000 workers in their various Warehouses.

Source

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Lufthansa's Cold Feet

November 26, 2013, 3:30 pm
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Mavi Boncuk | 

Germany's largest airline, Lufthansa, is likely to reconsider the scope of its cooperation with the Turkish national carrier, Turkish Airlines (THY), after seeing disadvantages following a deal regulating code share flights to a number of destinations, Der Spiegel has reported in its latest German edition.After months of bargaining and diplomatic wrangling, the two parties struck a deal earlier this year, deepening their strategic cooperation in the international aviation market as the continuing fallout of the recent global financial crisis has prompted many airlines to launch new strategic plans to meet formidable challenges. Lufthansa and THY have launched code share flights to a number of destinations along with the establishment of joint management of company operations in some fields.The German magazine reported that Lufthansa has begun to lose some of its customers to its Turkish partner, leading to questions over the profitability of the deal.Lufthansa may reconsider the terms of the cooperation, the magazine stated. - See more
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