Mualla Eyüboğlu Anhegger
(March 13, 1919[1] – August 16, 2009) was one of the first female Turkish
architects.[2] She is known for her restoration work on the Topkapı Palace
harem room and the Rumelihisarı in Istanbul.[3][4]
Eyüboğlu was born in 1919 in Aziziye, Sivas.[5][3][4] She was the sister of well known Turkish painter and poet, Bedri Rahmi Eyüboğlu, and Sabahattin Eyüboğlu, an author, academic and translator.[2] Her father, Mehmet Rahmi, was the Governor of Trabzon and a member of parliament chosen by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
Her family moved to Istanbul, where she enrolled in a regular high school, unlike many of her peers who often attended all girls colleges.[3] After graduating from high school, Eyüboğlu was educated in fine arts at the Academy of Fine Arts in Istanbul and became an architect in 1942.[3][4] She later explained her family's commitment to education, especially for women, saying, "We grew up with Atatürk's reforms. That was what Atatürk had indoctrinated in us. That we would finish school and serve our country."[3]
After the academy, she began working in the small village of Hasanoğlan, Ankara Province, where she facilitated the construction of a village institutes.[3][*] The Turkish government was working to develop the small villages and communities of Anatolia at the time, and the village institutes were considered essential to educating its citizens. Eyüboğlu later said in an interview:
Village institutes were an education project that targeted the whole of Anatolia. When the Turkish Republic was founded in 1923, 90 percent of the population lived in rural areas and only 3 percent of the population was literate. It was a must to educate people. So the country was divided into 21 parts and in each was built an institute that not only taught people how to read and write but also crafts like carpentry and planting.[3]
After this experience she gained in a few years in architectural production and implementation with participatory processes in rural areas, she participated in the documentation of Ottoman period works in Anatolia, Thrace and the Balkans between 1945-47; In 1946, he started to work as an assistant at the Academy. After this period, in which he also participated in excavations every year, he started to work as a reporter in the newly established High Council of Real Estate and Antiquities in 1952.
Eyüboğlu worked as an architect at the Ministry of National Education's General Directorate of Antiquities and Museums until 1970, after the 1950s when he carried out zoning plan studies and made surveys of antiquities, and in this period, he carried out the restoration of many buildings, including the Topkapı Palace Harem Department. and was its controller. He undertook the restoration of old works in the Directorate of Surveying and Monuments in Istanbul, where he was appointed in 1976, and retired from this institution in 1983.
As one of the first female architects in Turkey, she has worked in a wide range of areas including architectural and urban design and implementation, archaeological excavation, documentation and restoration of cultural heritage.
Eyüboğlu planned new institutes and schools in villages throughout rural Turkey during the 1940s. She caught malaria in 1947, which forced her to leave Anatolia and move back to Istanbul. The government also ended its support for the village institute program during the 1950s, which forced her to settle in Istanbul.[3]
"We got married in 1958, in the 10th anniversary of our friendship. He proposed to me with a ring that was from the 4th century A.D. After my father's death, I was feeling lonely and I couldn't resist his insistence anymore."[3]
Eyüboğlu began working as a restoration architect in Istanbul following her marriage. Her most famous restoration projects included the landmark Topkapı Palace's harem section and Rumelihisarı.[3] In 2008 she was given a special jury award for in the Achievement Award for special contribution in architecture at the Turkish National Architecture Awards in Ankara.[6]
Eyüboğlu and Anhegger bought an apartment in a legendary building in Istanbul's Galata district in 1964. She decorated her apartment with artifacts collected from throughout her travels in Anatolia. The couple remained married until Anhegger's death in 2001. She mourned the death of her husband, with whom she had been together for more than 40 years, "I couldn't accept his will to be cremated. After his cremation, I lived with his ashes in the house for a week."[3] She continued to live at her residence following Anhegger's death. Her goal was to donate her collection to a small museum. Unfortunately her wish was not realized, as her heirs sold the entire contents of that magical apartment to the highest bidder.
Mualla Eyüboğlu Anhegger died on August 16, 2009, at the age of 90.[3] She was laid to rest at the Merkezefendi Cemetery following the religious funeral service at Teşvikiye Mosque.[4]
[*] The names of the village institutes, their places of establishment and their establishment dates are as follows: İzmir Kızılçullu (1937), Eskişehir Çifteler (1937), Kırklareli Kepirtepe (1938), Kastamonu Gölköy (1938), Malatya Akçadağ (1940), Samsun Akpınar (1940), Antalya Aksu ( 1940), Kocaeli Arifiye (1940), Trabzon Beşikdüzü (1940), Kars Cılavuz (1940), Adana Düziçi (1940), Isparta Gonen (1940), Kayseri Pazarören (1940), Balıkesir Savaştepe (1940), Ankara Hasanoğlan (1941) , Konya İvriz (1941), Sivas Pamukpınar (1941), Erzurum Pulur (1942), Diyarbakır Dicle (1944), Aydın Ortaklar (1944), Van Ernis (1948).
References
[1]"Aramızdan
Ayrılanları Saygıyla Anıyoruz" (PDF). mimarist.or. Archived from the
original (PDF) on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
[2] "Good Morning
--Turkey Press Scan on Aug 17". Hürriyet Daily News and Economic Review.
2009-08-17. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
[3] Eğrikavuk, Işıl
(2009-08-21). "Portrait of A Lady as a non-conformist". Hürriyet
Daily News and Economic Review. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
[4] "Eyüboğlu Hayatını
Kaybetti". Bianet (in Turkish). 2009-08-17. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
[5] Çandar, Tûbâ (2003).
Hitit Güneşi Mualla Eyuboğlu Anhegger (4. bs. ed.). İstanbul: Doğan. ISBN
975-293-079-4.
[6] "..| Mimarlık Dergisi |."
www.mimarlikdergisi.com. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
Robert Moritz Friedrich Anhegger (1911-2001)
His real name is Robert Friedrich Moritz Anhegger. He was born in Vienna as the son of a German-born merchant father and a Swiss-born mother. In 1919, his family moved to Rotterdam (Netherlands) due to his father's job. Here he attended the German Secondary School (Deutsche Oberrealschule). After staying in Rotterdam for four years, the family moved to Zurich in 1923. Robert first enrolled at the Zürich Gymnasium. He then joined the youth body Swiss Migratory Birds (Schweizer Wandervogel). He soon rose to become the regional president. He was also studying law, literature and history at the University of Zurich. In 1932 he continued his education at the University of Vienna. Then he moved to Berlin and worked at Friedrich Willhelm University (1932-1933). During these years, which were very active for both his country and himself, he became a member of the German Communist Party and engaged in some political activities. He was wounded in one of the fights between Nazi-Antinazi groups. In the same years, he became interested in studies related to the Balkans and Islamology and learned Turkish.
He became a Swiss citizen in 1934. In 1935, he went to Ruse, Varna and Istanbul via the Danube. He improved his Turkish by staying in Istanbul for a year. He came to Turkey for the second time in 1938 and toured Anatolia with Andreas Tietze. Anhegger, who came to Turkey for the third time in 1940 to work as an assistant researcher at the German Archaeological Institute, later worked in various jobs. He gave private lessons, worked as a lecturer. He took part in the construction projects of village institutes. His doctoral thesis on Ottoman mining, which he prepared at the University of Zurich, was published in Istanbul (1943-1945). He also worked on children's books. In 1956 he opened and directed German courses. In 1958, he married Mualla Eyüboğlu, the cousin of writer İsmet Zeki Eyüboğlu and one of Turkey's first female architects. After his retirement, he settled in Istanbul. Many artists, writers, researchers and musicians were coming together in his house in Galata. He founded the Istanbul Cultural Association as a branch of the Goethe Institute.
He contributed to the Turkish-German culture in this organization, which he was the director of, which became the Turkish-German Cultural Association in 1959. In 1968 he was assigned to Amsterdam by the Goethe-Institut. He traveled between Amsterdam and Istanbul for a long time. He served to promote Turkish culture with his many activities such as giving conferences and organizing exhibitions in the Netherlands. He enabled a few issues of the WAR magazine published in Rotterdam to be devoted to Turkey. In 1976, he offered Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca, followed by Ruhi Su and Zülfü Livaneli for Poetry International, and made them known in the Netherlands. Anhegger, who supported the Turks in the Netherlands in political fields as well as cultural studies, died on March 24, 2001. A memoir was published in his name while he was still alive: Türkische Miszellen: The Gift of Robert Anhegger (ed. Jean-Lois Bacque-Grammont et al., Istanbul 1987).
Works. Some of Anhegger's books, which have a wide range of studies on Turkey and Turks, from literature to history, from culture to education, are as follows:
1. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Bergbaus im Osmanischen Reich Europäische Türkei (I-II and 1 annex; with W. Ruben and A. Tietze, Istanbul 1943-1945). It is a doctoral thesis on Ottoman mining.
2. Old German Anthology (800-1500) (Istanbul 1944). It is an anthology prepared for the Department of German Language Philology, Faculty of Letters, Istanbul University.
3. Ḳānūnname-i Sulṭānī ber Mūceb-i ʿÖrf-i ʿOsmānī (Ankara 1956, with Halil İnalcık). II. Mehmed and II. It includes the laws and prohibitions belonging to the Bayezid period.
4. Hatice Sultan and Melling Journeyman: Letters (Istanbul 2001, with Jacques Perot and Frederic Hitzel). III. It is an examination of letters written in Latin alphabet that Selim's sister Hatice Sultan wrote to each other with Melling.
5. Evangelinos Misailidis, Seyreyle Dünyayı (Temâşâ-i Dünya ve Cefakar ve Cefakeş) (Istanbul 1986, with Vedat Günyol). It is a translation of the Turkish work written in Greek letters into Latin letters.
6. Children's Literature-Children's Books (Istanbul 1975, with Meral Alpay).
7. Children and Youth Books in Turkey: An Annotated Bibliography (Istanbul 1977).
Apart from these, Anhegger also has many articles (Ortaylı, bibl.).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Macit Gökberk, “Dr. Robert Anhegger and the Istanbul Turkish-German Cultural Center”, Türkische Miszellen: Robert Anhegger Gift, Istanbul 1987, p. 6.
M. Mooij, “Pendler zwischen Bosporus und Amstel. Robert Anhegger in den Niederlanden”, ibid., p. 13-16.
Alpay Kabacalı, Human Islands from Our Culture, Istanbul 2007, p. 88-91.
J. Schmidt, “Robert Anhegger and his Bequest in the Leiden University Library”, Between Religion and Language: Turkish-Speaking Christians, Jews and Greek-Speaking Muslims and Catholics in the Ottoman Empire (ed. Evangelia Balta – Mehmet Ölmez), Istanbul 2011, p. 291-318.
İlber Ortaylı, “One of Us: Robert Anhegger”, TT, XXXV/209 (2001), p. 5-6.
Erik-Jan Zürcher, “Two Young Ottomanists Discover Kemalist Turkey: The Travel Diaries of Robert Anhegger and Andreas Tietze”, JTS, XXVI/2 (2002), p. 359-369.
Schuber, G., Robert
Anhegger. Notizen zu seinem Lebenslauf, in: J.-L. Bacqué-Grammont, Barbara
Flemming [et al.] (eds.), Türkische Miszellen. Robert Anhegger Festschrift –
armağanı – mélanges (Istanbul 1987), p. 1-4.
Gökberk, M., Dr. Robert
Anhegger ve Istanbul Türk-Alman Kültür Merkezi, in Türkische Miszellen, p. 5-7.
Mooij, M., Pendler zwischen
Bosporus und Amstel. Robert Anhegger in den Niederlanden, in Türkische
Miszellen, p. 9-17.
Zürcher, E.J., Two young
Ottomanists discover Kemalist Turkey. The travel diaries of Robert Anhegger and
Andreas Tietze, in: Journal of Turkish Studies, 26/1 (2002), p. 359-369.