U.S. Advisory Aid to Turkey: The Hines-Kemmerer Mission, 1933-1934

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U.S. Advisory Aid to Turkey: The Hines-Kemmerer Mission, 1933-1934

Early in 1933 the Turkish Government, via its Ambassador in Washington, Ahmet Muhtar, approached the U.S. Department of State for assistance in locating Americans to fill these posts. Walker D. Hines, partner in the New York-based law firm of Hines, Rearick, Dorr, Travis & Marshall and an experienced international arbiter on commercial disputes was selected to fill the Economic Specialist position and head the American mission to Turkey. The team that Hines chose to assist him included two of his legal associates, Goldthwaite Dorr[1] and H. Alexander Smith, who would remain in New York, Major Brehon B. Somervell on loan from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the War Department, and O.F. Gardner, an agriculture and forestry expert, both of whom preceded Hines to Turkey and began the survey in April 1933. 

Hines arrived in June to supervise the findings; however, illness kept him in Europe for most of the fall and he died in Italy in January 1934. Hines’s New York associates feared losing the contract, and after much discussion decided to contact Princeton Professor Edwin W. Kemmerer, the noted “money doctor of Latin America,” to assist in drafting the report. Dorr then took over the direction of the survey in Turkey in January 1934 and sent draft after draft of each of the various sections back to the U.S. during the spring. A Turkish ‘brain trust’ consisting principally of Edwin W. Kemmerer, H. Alexander Smith, and Vaso Trivanovitch of the National Industrial Conference Board, conferred on a weekly basis and sent commentaries on revisions back to the agents in the field.

See more: U.S. ADVISORY AID TO TURKEY:THE HINES-KEMMERER MISSION,1933-1934 by Marcie J. Patton


[1] John Van Nostrand Dorr II Born in New York City, May 16, 1910, the second son and middle of three children of Virginia Elbert Dorr and Goldthwaite Higginson Dorr, a corporation lawyer. After Harvard, during the Depression and with no clear idea of what to do with his life, Jack headed for Europe. For the next year he soaked up culture and history in and near Vienna, living much of that time in the household of a former mayor of that city, a family friend. In 1933, through family connections, he obtained a position as a staff aide with an economic commission to Turkey. He frequently accompanied the commission geologist, Sidney Paige, on visits to mineral properties and acquired an absorbing interest that led ultimately to a career focused on mineral-deposit geology and the role of mineral resources in national economies. Returning to the United States in 1934, and newly married to his first wife, Mary Elizabeth Brigham, whom he had met in Turkey, Jack enrolled at the Colorado School of Mines, and in three years graduated with a degree in geological engineering. After nine months with the Superior Oil Company in west Texas, Jack joined the U.S. Geological Survey in 1938.

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1910 | Map of eastern Turkey in Asia, Syria and western Persia (ethnographical)

February 25, 2015, 11:46 am

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Islamic State militants have abducted as many as 90 Assyrian Christians, including women and children, after overrunning several small villages in northeast Syria. They are the descendants of Hakkari (Turkey) Assyrians.

Mavi Boncuk | 

Map of eastern Turkey in Asia, Syria and western Persia (ethnographical).

PDF Link

Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain) [London] : Royal Geographical Society, [191-] | "Published by the Royal Geographical Society, 1910"| "Railways inserted November, 1917" | "G.S.G.S. No. 2901"




Download full resolution version from the Source: http://www.loc.gov/resource/g7431e.ct002182/

Nestorians and Assyrians in 1910 (detail)

"...Hakkari was the homeland of the Assyrian tribes. These mountaineers were Nestorian Christians. 

The Assyrian mountaineers lived in villages on the slopes above the Zab river and in settlements well-hidden in side valleys. As tribal or ashiret people ruled by their own local chieftains, the maliks, they were subdivided into large clans that occupied their own part of the territory. The Tyari tribe was the most important one, with almost half of the Assyrian population. Other tribes were known as Tkhuma, Baz, Diz and Jelu.

The leader of the Assyrian mountaineers was their patriarch Mar Shimun, whose title and authority had become hereditary within one family. He had its residence in Qodshanes, a Nestorian village on an isolated plateau, deep in the heart of the Hakkari mountains.

In those days, till the beginning of the 20th century, Ottoman Turkish rule in Hakkari was limited to formal jurisdiction - collecting tribute from the Assyrian mountain villages was the privillege of patriarch Mar Shimun. On the other hand the Christian Assyrians were surrounded by Muslim neighbours - Kurdish tribes - with whom the Assyrians lived to some extent in good harmony, till some local feud led once more to an armed conflict..." Source: Shlama.ba

Word Origin | Tuğla, Kiremit, Duvar

February 27, 2015, 12:47 pm

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Mavi Boncuk |
Tuğla: brick EN[1] adobe[2]; tuvla "pişmiş topraktan yapı kalıbı" [ Filippo Argenti, Regola del Parlare Turco, 1533] ; tuvla [ Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatname, 1680]
"taş binā ile ve kırmızī tuvla bir sedd-i metīn kala etmişdir."

From GR toúvla τούβλα pişmiş topraktan yapılan çatı örtüsü, kiremit ; Latin tegula [dim.] çatıcık, kiremit IT/Latin tegere, tect- örtmek; to cover EN; IT/ Indo European (s)teg.

İng tile, Fr tuile, Alm Ziegel (kiremit) biçimleri Latinceden alıntıdır. Aynı HAvr kökünden Alm Decke, İng thatch (çatı örtüsü), Lat toga (üst giysi), tegumen (örtü, kabuk).

Kiremit: "çatı örtüsü" [ Mesud b. Ahmed, Süheyl ü Nevbahar, 1354] Kiremidi altun diregi gümiş keremid "a.a." [ Filippo Argenti, Regola del Parlare Turco, 1533] from GR keramídion κεραμίδιον [dim.] pişmiş topraktan yapılan şey, tuğla IT and OldGR kéramos κέραμος çömlekçi kili, pişmiş kilden yapılan her türlü çanak ve çömlek, tuğla; Indo-European kerə-mo-, ker: ateş fire EN;, yakma; to burn EN. 

Duvar: wall EN[3]; [ Codex Cumanicus, 1300] diuar: paries [duvar] (...) diuar ostasi: caementarius. [ Meninski, Thesaurus, 1680] dīvār: Murus, paries. (...) Dīvārci: Murarius. [ Kamus-ı Türki, 1900] dīvār: zebanzedi duvar دووار. from Persian dīvār ديوار/دوار oldPersian deγa-vāra- kerpiç duvar; adobe wall EN, deγa- kerpiç, kil (IndoEuropean dheigh- yoğurmak; knead EN ) +oldPersian vāra- korumak; protect EN; , etrafını çevirmek (IndoEuropean wer) korumak; protect En.


[1] Brick (noun) : early 15c., from Old French briche "brick," probably from a Germanic source akin to Middle Dutch bricke "a tile," [*]literally "a broken piece[**]," from the verbal root of break (v.). 

[*] Tile: early 14c., from Old English tigele "roofing shingle," from Proto-Germanic *tegala (Old Saxon tiegla, Old High German ziagal, German ziegel, Dutch tegel, Old Norse tigl), a borrowing from Latin tegula "roof-tile" (source also of Italian tegola, French tuile), from tegere "roof, to cover" (see stegosaurus). Also used in Old English and early Middle English for "brick," before that word came into use.

[**] ostracism (noun) Look up ostracism at Dictionary.com 1580s, a method of 10-year banishment in ancient Athens, by which the citizens gathered and each wrote on a potsherd or tile the name of a man they deemed dangerous to the liberties of the people, and a man whose name turned up often enough was sent away. From Middle French ostracisme (16c.), Modern Latin ostracismus, or directly from Greek ostrakismos, from ostrakizein "to ostracize," from ostrakon "tile, potsherd," from PIE *ost-r-, from root *ost- "bone" (see osseous). The Greek word is related to osteon "bone," ostreion "oyster" (and cognate with German Estrich "pavement," which is from Medieval Latin astracus "pavement," ultimately from Greek ostrakon). A similar practice in ancient Syracuse (with banishment for five years) was by writing names on olive leaves, and thus was called petalismos.

[2] Adobe : الطوبة al-tūba | at-tūba, the brick. The word is in a number of medieval Arabic dictionaries meaning "brick". The Arabic dictionary of Al-Jawhari dated about year 1000 made the comment that the Arabic word had come from Coptic tube "brick," a word found in hieroglyphics. The first record in a Western language is 12th-century Spanish adobe with the same meaning as today's, "sun-dried brick".[8] Other cases of Arabic 't' becoming medieval Spanish 'd' include es:Ajedrez, es:Algodón, es:Badana, es:Badea. The word entered English from Mexico in the 18th and 19th centuries. 1739, American English, from Spanish adobe, from oral form of Arabic al-tob "the brick." 

[3] Wall: Old English weall, Anglian wall "rampart, dike, earthwork" (natural as well as man-made), "dam, cliff, rocky shore," also "defensive fortification around a city, side of a building," an Anglo-Frisian and Saxon borrowing (Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Middle Low German, Middle Dutch wal) from Latin vallum "wall, rampart, row or line of stakes," apparently a collective form of vallus "stake," from PIE *walso- "a post." Swedish vall, Danish val are from Low German. Meaning "interior partition of a structure" is mid-13c. In this case, English uses one word where many languages have two, such as German Mauer "outer wall of a town, fortress, etc.," used also in reference to the former Berlin Wall, and wand "partition wall within a building" (compare the distinction, not always rigorously kept, in Italian muro/parete, Irish mur/fraig, Lithuanian muras/siena, etc.). The Latin word for "defensive wall" was murus.

Word Origin | Arsenal, Tersane, Fabrika

February 27, 2015, 1:46 pm

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The London football club (1886) was named for the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, where the original players worked.

Mavi Boncuk | 

Tersane: arsenal EN; [Kahane & Tietze, The Lingua Franca in the Levant, 1521] gemilerinüŋ baˁzısını tersχānlara çekerler from IT tersanà gemi imalathanesi from Arabic dāru'ṣ-ṣanˁa ͭ دار الصناعة yapım evi, her çeşit imalathane, 

Fabrika: factory[2]from IT fabbrica işlik, imalathane << Lat fabrica a.a. < Lat faber sanatkâr, özellikle demirci indoEuropean dhabhro, dhabh- el becerisiyle yapmak, uydurmak, imal etmek; hand made, maufactured EN.

[1] Arsenal: دار صناعة dār sināʿa, literally "house of manufacturing" but in practice in medieval Arabic it meant government-run manufacturing, usually for the military, most notably for the navy.[37] In the Italian maritime republics in the 12th century the word was adopted to designate a naval dockyard, a place for building ships and military armaments for ships, and repairing armed ships. In the later-medieval centuries the biggest such arsenal in Europe was the Arsenal of Venice. 12th century Italian-Latin has the spellings darsena and arsena. In 14th-century Italian and Italian-Latin the spellings included terzana, arzana, arsana, arcenatus, tersanaia, terzinaia, darsena, and 15th century tarcenale, all meaning a shipyard and in many cases having naval building activity. In 16th century French and English an arsenal was either a naval dockyard or an arsenal, or both. In today's French arsenal continues to have the same dual meanings as in the 16th century.

c.1500, "dockyard, dock with naval stores," from Italian arzenale, from Arabic dar as-sina'ah "workshop," literally "house of manufacture," from dar "house" + sina'ah "art, craft, skill," from sana'a "he made." 

Applied by the Venetians to a large wharf in their city, which was the earliest reference of the English word. Sense of "public place for making or storing weapons and ammunition" is from 1570s.  [2] 1550s, "estate manager's office," from Middle French factorie (15c.), from Late Latin factorium "office for agents ('factors')," also "oil press, mill," from Latin factor "doer, maker" (see factor [*]). From 1580s as "establishment of merchants and factors in a foreign place." Sense of "building for making goods" is first attested 1610s. Factory farm attested from 1890. [*] Factor: early 15c., "commercial agent, deputy, one who buys or sells for another," from Middle French facteur "agent, representative" (Old French factor, faitor "doer, author, creator"), from Latin factor "doer, maker, performer," in Medieval Latin, "agent," agent noun from past participle stem of facere "to do" (see factitious). In commerce, especially "a commission merchant." Mathematical sense is from 1670s. Sense of "circumstance producing a result" is attested by 1816, from the mathematical sense.

In Memoriam | Yaşar Kemal (1923-2015)

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"The Turkish writer Yaşar Kemal, who has died aged 91, found fame after the publication of his first novel, Ince Memed (1955), translated into English as Memed, My Hawk (1961). It became known around the world in other translations, the first Turkish novel to make a big impact internationally. Kemal was then working as a journalist in Istanbul, but the story dealt with the harsh life of farmers and ordinary people in the Çukurova plain and Taurus mountains around Adana in southern Turkey." Guardian Obituary

Kemal was hospitalized on January 14, 2015 into the hospital of Istanbul University's Çapa Medical Faculty due to respiratory insufficiency. He died at age 92 in the afternoon of February 28, 2015 in the intensive care unit, where he was taken due to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Mavi Boncuk | 
Yaşar Kemal, (born Kemal Sadık Gökçeli;[1] 6 October 1923 – 28 February 2015) was a Turkish writer of Kurdish origin. He was one of Turkey's leading writers.[2][3] Kemal was long a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature, on the strength of Memed, My Hawk.[1]

An outspoken intellectual, he often did not hesitate to speak on sensitive issues. His activism resulted in a twenty-month suspended jail sentence, on charges of advocating separatism. In 1952, Yaşar Kemal married Thilda Serrero, a member of a prominent Sephardi Jewish family in Istanbul. Her grandfather, Jak Mandil Pasha, was the chief physician of the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II. She translated 17 of her husband’s works into the English language. Thilda predeceased Yaşar on January 17, 2001 (aged 78) from pulmonary complications at a hospital in Istanbul, and was laid to rest at Zincirlikuyu Cemetery. Thilda was also survived by her son Raşit Göğçel and a grandchild.

Yaşar Kemal remarried on August 1, 2002 with Ayşe Semiha Baban, a lecturer for public relations at Bilgi University in Istanbul. She was educated at the American University of Beirut, Bosphorus University and Harvard University.

Memed running through the thistles - Illustrated by ismail Gülgeç

He received international acclaim with the publication of Memed, My Hawk (Turkish: İnce Memed) in 1955. In İnce Memed, Kemal criticizes the fabric of the society through a legendary hero, a protagonist, who flees to the mountains as a result of the oppression of the Aghas. One of the most famous writers in Turkey, Kemal was noted for his command of the language and lyrical description of bucolic Turkish life. He was awarded 19 literary prizes during his lifetime and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1973. 

[1] Memed, My Hawk (Turkish: İnce Memed, meaning "Memed, the Slim) is a 1955 novel by Yaşar Kemal. It was Kemal's debut novel and is the first novel in his İnce Memed tetralogy. The novel won the Varlik prize for that year (Turkey's highest literary prize) and earned Kemal a national reputation. In 1961, the book was translated into English by Edouard Roditi, thus gaining Kemal his first exposure to English-speaking readers.
İnce Memed is the best-known Turkish novel published since World War II.

In 1984, Peter Ustinov made the movie of Memed My Hawk (also known as The Lion and the Hawk) in which he played Abdi Agha.

Memed, a young boy from a village in Anatolia is abused and beaten by the villainous Abdi Agha, the local landowner. Having endured great cruelty towards himself and his mother, he finally escapes with his beloved, a girl named Hatche. Abdi Agha catches up with the young couple, but only manages to capture Hatche, while Memed is able to avoid his pursuers and runs into the mountains whereupon he joins a band of brigands and exacts revenge against his old adversary. Hatche was then imprisoned and later dies. Her mother, when Memed returns to the town, tells him he has a "women's heart" if he surrenders himself. He instead rides into town on a horse given to him by the towns people, to find his enemy. He finds Agha in the south-east corner of his house and shoots him in the breast. The local authorities hear the gunshots, but Memed gets away barely before they are able to take a few shots at him.
Yet before Hatche dies she gives birth to his son, who is also named Memed. Where he has to take care of his orphaned son.

Yaşar Kemal Bibliography

March 2, 2015, 6:21 am

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Yasar Kemal at his home in Istanbul, Turkey, in 2008. Photograph: Yoray Liberman

"The Turkish writer Yaşar Kemal, who has died aged 91, found fame after the publication of his first novel, Ince Memed (1955), translated into English as Memed, My Hawk (1961). It became known around the world in other translations, the first Turkish novel to make a big impact internationally. Kemal was then working as a journalist in Istanbul, but the story dealt with the harsh life of farmers and ordinary people in the Çukurova plain and Taurus mountains around Adana in southern Turkey." Guardian Obituary


Mavi Boncuk |

Yaşar Kemal Bibliography

Stories
Sarı Sıcak, ("Yellow Heat") (1952)

Novels
İnce Memed (Memed, My Hawk) (1955)
Teneke (The Drumming-Out) (1955)
Orta Direk (The Wind from the Plain) (1960)
Yer Demir Gök Bakır (Iron Earth, Copper Sky) (1963)
Ölmez Otu (The Undying Grass) (1968)
Ince Memed II (They Burn the Thistles) (1969)
Akçasazın Ağaları/Demirciler Çarşısı Cinayeti (The Agas of Akchasaz Trilogy/Murder in the Ironsmiths Market) (1974)
Akçasazın Ağaları/Yusufcuk Yusuf (The Agas of Akchasaz Trilogy/Yusuf, Little Yusuf) (1975)
Yılanı Öldürseler (To Crush the Serpent) (1976)
Al Gözüm Seyreyle Salih (The Saga of a Seagull) (1976)
Allahın Askerleri (God’s Soldiers) (1978)
Kuşlar da Gitti (The Birds Have Also Gone: Long Stories) (1978)
Deniz Küstü (The Sea-Crossed Fisherman) (1978)
Hüyükteki Nar Ağacı (The Pomegranate on the Knoll) (1982)
Yağmurcuk Kuşu/Kimsecik I (Kimsecik I - Little Nobody I) (1980)
Kale Kapısı/Kimsecik II (Kimsecik II - Little Nobody II)(1985)
Kanın Sesi/Kimsecik III (Kimsecik III - Little Nobody III) (1991)
Fırat Suyu Kan Akıyor Baksana (Look, the Euphrates is Flowing with Blood) (1997)
Karıncanın Su İçtiği (Ant Drinking Water) (2002)
Tanyeri Horozları (The Cocks of Dawn) (2002)

Epic Novels
Üç Anadolu Efsanesi (Three Anatolian Legends) (1967)
Ağrıdağı Efsanesi (The Legend of Mount Ararat) (1970) - the base of the opera Ağrı Dağı Efsanesi 1971
Binboğalar Efsanesi (The Legend of the Thousand Bulls) (1971)
Çakırcalı Efe* (The Life Stories of the Famous Bandit Çakircali) (1972)
Reportages
Yanan Ormanlarda 50 Gün (Fifty Days in the Burning Forests) (1955)
Çukurova Yana Yana (While Çukurova Burns) (1955)
Peribacaları (The Fairy Chimneys) (1957)
Bu Diyar Baştan Başa (Collected reportages) (1971)
Bir Bulut Kaynıyor (Collected reportages) (1974)
Experimental Works

Ağıtlar (Ballads) (1943)
Taş Çatlasa (At Most) (1961)
Baldaki Tuz (The Salt in the Honey) (1959-74 newspaper articles)
Gökyüzü Mavi Kaldı (The Sky remained Blue) (collection of folk literature in collaboration with S. Eyüboğlu)
Ağacın Çürüğü (The Rotting Tree) (Articles and Speeches) (1980)
Yayımlanmamış 10 Ağıt (10 Unpublished Ballads) (1985)
Sarı Defterdekiler (Contents of the Yellow Notebook) (Collected Folkloric works) (1997)
Ustadır Arı (The Expert Bee) (1995)
Zulmün Artsın (Increase Your Oppression) (1995)
Children's Books

Filler Sultanı ile Kırmızı Sakallı Topal Karınca (The Sultan of the Elephants and the Red-Bearded Lame Ant) (1977)

Book | Too Young for a Forgettable War by William Edward Alli

March 2, 2015, 6:51 am

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Too Young for a Forgettable War:
Second Edition Paperback – January 23, 2013 by William Edward Alli

Paperback: 388 pages | Publisher: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform; 2 edition (January 23, 2013) | English
ISBN-10: 147929280X | ISBN-13: 978-1479292806


Dear Friend:

I am a Turkish American who served as a United States Marine combat veteran in the Korean War of 1950-53.  My Marine division fought alongside Turkish soldiers.

In the Korean War, twenty-two countries participated in the United Nations coalition that defended South Korea from communism. The Turkish Republic participated with an exemplary brigade which won the respect of the world political, military and intelligence communities.

General Douglas MacArthur called the Turks "the bravest of the brave." President Harry S. Truman presented a Presidential Unit Citation to the Turkish brigade. To this day, American veterans continue to praise their Turkish comrades-in-arms.

Although the Turks were seventh in number of troops, they were fourth in number of casualties. Furthermore, as POWs (Prisoners of War), the Turkish soldiers were so resilient against the worst conditions of imprisonment and interrogation, that their conduct was studied by the US Department of Defense as an exemplary model in creating a new POW Code of Conduct for America's armed forces.

I am proud to inform you that in July 2015, the Korean War Veterans Association (KWVA), in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Defense and other organizations, will commemorate the 65th anniversary of the defense of South Korea.  The KWVA has invited all coalition countries to send their veterans to the commemorations in Washington DC. All Korean War veterans will be honored at the ceremonies and will be able to share their experiences.

Some countries have already responded that they plan to send some of their veterans to Washington DC. I am sorry to report, however, that there is no indication that any Turkish veterans will be attending.

In cooperation with the Assembly of Turkish American Associations (ATAA), I am writing to call upon Turkish Americans and their friends to request official Turkish participation in this important commemoration. Each passing day is precious, in view of the rapidly diminishing numbers of surviving Korean War veterans.

Please read about the KWVA's July 2015 activities here.  I am working with KWVA Coordinator James Fisher, as the liaison for the Turkish American community.  Additional information about KWVA can be found at www.kwva.org

I am attaching a poem (in Turkish and English) to support my request for each ATAA-affiliated organization to consider how they can help us inform America about the service and the sacrifice of Türkiye, America, South Korea, and our other allies. We can show that the "forgotten war" is really a forgotten victory; the blood of Turks, Americans, and others saved South Korea so that its people could become memleketin sahipleri (the owners of their own destinies) and build lives of freedom and prosperity. As an American who is a dedicated follower of Atatürk's universal principles, I view my efforts to be an honor, privilege, and duty to all who served and sacrificed to save South Korea and ultimately win victory in the Cold War.

I am also attaching a flyer which tells my background and describes my Korean War memoir, Too Young for a Forgettable War: Second Edition. I am an honorary member of the Turkish Veterans Association, as well as a member of the American-Turkish Association of Washington, DC (ATA-DC) and Maryland American Turkish Association (MATA).  In addition to my email address [billalli39(at)gmail(dot)com], you can reach me by phone: 240-441-9611.

Please acknowledge receipt of this message at your earliest convenience, and share with me your ideas. 

Thank you.

William Edward Alli
USMC, Korea, 1951-52 

Mavi Boncuk

Too Young for a Forgettable War (Second Edition) is a coming-of-age story, in the most dangerous of environments. The author takes readers on a vivid journey to a war–and back.    You will follow admittedly naive and immature 18-year-old Bill Alli, as he is forced out of his peaceful civilian life in Michigan, in 1950. Eventually he is taken westward, across the Pacific Ocean, to a war-stricken country known as “Land of the Morning Calm.”    His own father, also at 18, had sailed thousands of miles westward across the sea. But his dad was coming to America, leaving the dying Ottoman Empire–and its doomed army–to avoid a looming war. Bill’s fate would be different; he would experience war and maybe die a bloody death.    He writes about the dangers, his stupid mistakes, and his physical shortcomings. The dangers turn out to be not only from the enemy’s weapons, but even from those of a United Nations ally (the Republic of Turkiye), whose soldiers are of the same nationality as was his father!    They mistakenly arrest Bill as an “enemy agent.” That is clearly a justification for his execution.    Bill Alli doubts that he will survive the war and is astonished, and grateful, that he does. But in civilian life he is mortally endangered twice, soon after his return to America.    In middle age, the author seeks his “roots,” but they are not those of lineage; they are those of memory. He even visits Korea and Turkey to search for fellow veterans and compare his recollections to theirs. He realizes that his story is clearly and tightly interwoven with that of his comrades, but there is a conflict between their desire to be helpful and their instincts to avoid bad memories.    He knows that old veterans do not want, or maybe aren’t able, to relive the past but he forges ahead, though not without tears. We find him exploring deep recesses of his own mind as he puts words to paper. He convinces himself that there are no lurking dangers from any PTSD working in his subconscious, but gradually loses much of his certainty.    Not satisfied with the First Edition of his memoir, he decides three years later to self-publish a larger and more detailed Second Edition. He hopes that this book will now enable him to bring a finale to that long journey that began when he was too young a warrior caught up too far away in a forgettable war.    He describes how war lays bare human evil, making nobler those actions that counter it through bravery, compassion, and endurance. He hopes his book will incline readers to believe that life’s dreams are not canceled out by its nightmares, nor its beauty by its ugliness, nor its worth by its tragedies.    This Second Edition of Too Young for a Forgettable War is appearing during the 60th anniversary of the Korean War Cease-Fire. The U.S. and North Korea have not yet reached a peace agreement.    Readers may wonder whether Bill Alli has reached a peace agreement with his war experiences. Or is he really writing about an “unforgettable war?”

About the Author
William Edward Alli was born in Detroit Michigan in 1932.   He served on the east-central front in Korea in a machine-gun unit of the 2nd Battalion, 1st Regiment, 1st Marine Division, 1951–52. His military reserve assignments include: Air Intelligence NCO, USMCR Sgt., Grosse Ile Naval Air Station, Michigan 1953-55; and Air Intelligence NCO/Air Intelligence Officer, USAFR SSgt./2ndLt., Selfridge Air Force Base, Michigan 1955-58.   The author graduated from Wayne State University with a BA and MA in economics. In 1958 he joined the U.S. Department of Labor as an economist. He was an Adjunct Professor of Economics at George Washington University, 1962-63.   From 1963 to 1965 he worked for the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) as a Foreign Service Officer in Pakistan. From 1966 to 1970 he served in the War on Poverty as a manpower development planner in the Dept. of Labor.   From 1970 to 1996 he worked for USAID as a project officer, a budget and program planning analyst and finally a management analyst. Alli has authored a bilingual dictionary (Basic Urdu and English Wordbook) for USAID personnel working in Pakistan and India.   Bill Alli received the 1995 Public Service Award of the Government Employees’ Insurance Company, for his efforts in the field of substance abuse prevention and treatment.   During the Department of Defense’s 50th Anniversary Commemoration Program for the Korean War (2000-2003) he was a co-founder and Activity Director of the American and Turkish Veterans Association. In 2002 he organized and led a group of American veterans on a friendship tour of the Republic of Turkiye.   Bill is a member of the Korean War Veterans Assn., Marine Corps Assn., First Marine Division Assn., Marine Corps League, American Legion and Veterans of Foreign Wars. In 1974 Alli was made an honorary member of the War Veterans Association of Turkiye.   He is married and has four offspring. Two sons are former Marines, a Lieutenant-Colonel (Ret.) and a Corporal. His eldest daughter is a supervisory physician at the Veterans' Administration, and his youngest daughter is a management consultant.   He lives in Bowie Maryland.

Word Origin | Averaj, Aylak, Avare

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Averaj: from Arabic ˁawār عوار  hasar, kusur TR; Damage, fault EN; 
Average  EN[1];  "ortalama" TR [ Cumhuriyet - gazete, 1938]
Futbolun doğduğu memleket olan İngiltere'nin kullanmakta olduğu averaj şeklini

Aylak: oldTR  [ Mukaddimetü'l-Edeb, 1300]; boşlağ ḳıldı anı, aylaḳ [işsiz, atıl] ḳodı anı; oldTR: aylanmak "dönmek, dolanmak" [ Mukaddimetü'l-Edeb, 1300] 
aylanu uçdı kuş [dolanarak uçtu]. Hinting the circular motion of the bird.

Avare: [anon., Tezkiret-ül Evliya, 1341] buları maḳāmından āvāre kıldım from Persian āvāre آواره kayıp, evinden uzak düşmüş, aylak TR; lost, vagabond[2] EN, someone way from home. 

Not to be mixed with: avarice[3] 

[1] Average: late 15c., "financial loss incurred through damage to goods in transit," from French avarie "damage to ship," and Italian avaria; a word from 12c. Mediterranean maritime trade (compare Spanish averia; other Germanic forms, Dutch avarij, German haferei, etc., also are from Romanic languages), which is of uncertain origin. Sometimes traced to Arabic 'arwariya "damaged merchandise." Meaning shifted to "equal sharing of such loss by the interested parties." Transferred sense of "statement of a medial estimate" is first recorded 1735. The mathematical extension is from 1755.

From Arabic عوار ʿawār, a defect, or anything defective or damaged, including partially spoiled merchandise; plus عواري ʿawārī = "of or relating to ʿawār"; and عوارية ʿawārīa (slimly attested wordform), relating to a state of partial damage.[46] Within the Western languages the word's history begins in medieval sea-commerce on the Mediterranean. 12th century Genoa Latin avaria meant "damage, loss and unexpected expenses arising during a merchant sea voyage"; and the same meaning for avaria is in Provence in 1210, Barcelona in 1258 and Florence in the late 13th. 15th century French avarie had the same meaning, and it begot English "averay" (1491) and English "average" (1502) with the same meaning. Today, Italian avaria, Catalan avaria and French avarie still have the primary meaning of "damage". 

The huge transformation of the meaning in English began with the practice in later medieval and early modern Western merchant marine law contracts under which if the ship met a bad storm and some of the goods had to be thrown overboard to make the ship lighter and safer, then all merchants whose goods were on the ship were to suffer proportionately (and not whoever's goods were thrown overboard); and more generally there was to be proportionate distribution of any avaria. From there the word was adopted by British insurers, creditors, and merchants for talking about their losses as being spread across their whole portfolio of assets and having a mean proportion. 

Today's meaning developed out of that, and started in the mid 18th century, and started in English. 

[2] Vagabond (noun) c.1400, earlier wagabund (in a criminal indictment from 1311); see vagabond (adj.). Despite the earliest use, in Middle English often merely "one who is without a settled home, a vagrant" but not necessarily in a bad sense. Notion of "idle, disreputable person" predominated from 17c. early 15c. (earlier vacabond, c.1400), from Old French vagabond, vacabond "wandering, unsteady" (14c.), from Late Latin vagabundus "wandering, strolling about," from Latin vagari "wander" (from vagus "wandering, undecided;" see vague) + gerundive suffix -bundus. 

Vagary (noun) 1570s, "a wandering, a roaming journey," from Italian vagare or directly from Latin vagari "to wander, stroll about, roam, be unsettled, spread abroad," from vagus "roving, wandering" (see vague). The infinitive appears to have been adopted in English as a noun and conformed to nouns in -ary, "but this can hardly be explained except as an orig. university use" [Century Dictionary]. Current meaning of "eccentric notion or conduct" (1620s) is from notion of mental wandering. Related: Vagaries. 

Vagrant (noun) mid-15c., "person who lacks regular employment, one without fixed abode, a tramp," probably from Anglo-French vageraunt, also wacrant, walcrant, which is said in many sources to be a noun use of the past participle of Old French walcrer "to wander," from Frankish (Germanic) *walken, from the same source as Old Norse valka "wander" and English walk (v.). Under this theory the word was influenced by Old French vagant, vagaunt "wandering," from Latin vagantem (nominative vagans), past participle of vagari "to wander, stroll about" (see vagary). But on another theory the Anglo-French word ultimately is from Old French vagant, with an intrusive -r-. Middle English also had vagaunt "wandering, without fixed abode" (late 14c.), from Old French vagant. 

palliard (noun) Look up palliard at Dictionary.com late 15c., "vagabond or beggar" (who sleeps on straw in barns), from Middle French paillard, from Old French paillart "tramp, beggar, vagabond" (13c.), from paille "straw" (see pallet (n.1); also see -ard). 

Truant (noun) Look up truant at Dictionary.com c.1200, "beggar, vagabond," from Old French truant "beggar, rogue" (12c.), as an adjective, "wretched, miserable, of low caste," from Gaulish *trougant- (compare Breton *truan, later truant "vagabond," Welsh truan "wretch," Gaelic truaghan "wretched"), of uncertain origin. Compare Spanish truhan "buffoon," from same source. Meaning "one who wanders from an appointed place," especially "a child who stays away from school without leave" is first attested mid-15c. 

[3] Avarice (noun) c.1300, from Old French avarice "greed, covetousness" (12c.), from Latin avaritia "greed," from avarus "greedy," adjectival form of avere "crave, long for."

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Adalet Emina Pee

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See her in a video. "Bei Achmed Beh": Im Nachtclub mit der Nazi-Führung [1]

Mavi Boncuk | Turkish oriental dancer and actress. Adalet Emine Pee [2] was born in February 29, 1910 as Emine Adalet in Istanbul, Turkey. (d. 1985 Istanbul, Turkey. ) as Emine Adalet. During the first years of the Turkish Republic, she became quite famous. She started dancing at age 14. She married a German and eventually went to Germany (1935) to further her dance career. 

She was rumored to act as a spy and passed the information such as the occupation of Paris,  to Turkish authorities. Her husband died during an air bombardment in 1942 and she returned to Turkey.

She danced before royalty and statesmen ranging from Hitler, Joseph Goebbelsand M.K. Ataturk, performing on stages in America, Egypt and England.

She was also known as an actress, for "The City That Liberated Itself | Kendini Kurtaran Şehir / Şanlı Maraş (1951) by Faruk Kenç from a screenplay by Sinan Korle , Sara Korle and Behçet Kemal Çağlar (she was the canto singer), "Akdeniz Korsanları" (1950) written and directed by Kadri Ögelman and "Uçuruma Doğru" by Şadan Kamil (1949) an adaptation of "Der Postmeister / Arabacının Kızı" (1940) based on Alexander Pushkin novel; "Yanik Kaval" (1947) by Baha Gelenbevi, Yuvamı Yıkamazsın (1947) by Kani Kıpçak and as her debut film "Deniz Kızı" (1944) by Baha Gelenbevi


[1] Bei Achmed Beh, 1944. Germany. 9 min. An anonymous film, made towards the end of the war, about an inner-city burlesque nightclub where Wehrmacht soldiers mingle with the Vienna bourgeoisie. 

[2] Married to Henry Pee in Germany. Dutch: from a short form of the personal name Piet, Dutch form of Peter.English (West Midlands): variant of Pea.

 See also : Birsen TALAY KEŞOĞLU, Yeditepe University Department of History| Cumhuriyet Döneminin İlk Dansözü: Emine Adalet Pee, The First Belly Dancer of the Republic of Turkey: Emine Adalet Pee (WOMEN’S LIBRARY AND INFORMATION CENTER FOUNDATION AND YEDITEPE UNIVERSITY- HISTORY DEPARTMENT Symposium) Writing Women's Lives: Auto/Biography, Life Narratives, Myths and Historiography April 19 – 20, 2014 / Istanbul – Yeditepe University 

Top Turkish Talent by Jasmin Jahal, January 2002 

TELEVİZYON ÜZERİNDEN KISA DANSÖZ TARİHİ by Gökhan Akçura

Tilda Kemal olarak bilinen çevirmen

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Abdülhamid'in baştabibi[1] Jak Mandil [2][4] Paşa'nın[3] torunu ve babasi Osmanli Bankasi direktoru olan Henri H. Mandil'in kızı ve yazar Yaşar Kemal'in 50 yıllık hayat arkadaşı Tilda (Mathilda) Kemal (Gökçeli) 1923 yılında doğmuştu. Engin İngilizce, Fransızca, İspanyolca bilgisi, şiir-felsefe-edebiyat görgüsüyle merhume Tilda Kemal, Yaşar Kemal'in 17 kitabını İngilizce'ye çevirerek, başta Mitterrand olmak üzere pekçok ünlü Batılı'nın onu keşfetmesinde büyük katkısı oldu. Tilda Kemal, bu yüzden Türkiye'de çok tartışıldı. Yaşar Kemal uluslararası üne kavuştukça, her ikisi hakkında da çeşitli suçlamalar yapıldı. İki kültürü de benimseyip özümseyen Tilda, herhangi bir İngiliz halk şarkısından Âşık Veysel'e, Shakespeare'in bir sonesinden Şeyh Galip'e, benzerlikleri yakalayabilen biriydi.

Mavi Boncuk |


Yaşar-Tilda Kemal Bu yılın 19 ocak cuma günü, türk toplumu çoğumuzun tanıdığı birçok kimsenin de ölümüyle hatırladığı olağanüstü yetenekli, pek az rastlanır çalışkanlık ve bilgi birikimine sahip bir aydınını uğurladı. ilahiyat profesörü emin ışık; teşvikiye camii’ndeki kalabalık cenaze namazından sonra zincirlikuyu’daki kabri başında onun için;

"Yaşar Kemal gibi değerli bir varlığımıza hizmet etmiş bir memleket evladı yatıyor" diyordu

Herkes tilda gökçeli’yi, yaşar kemal’in 17 romanını ingilizce’ye aktaran mütercim olarak tanıyor, ama bu kültür aktarımının ardındaki portreyi yeni yeni değerlendirmeye başlıyoruz. 

Tilda Gökçeli, 1940’ların parlayan yazarının eşi ve mütercimi, hiçbir zaman sıradan olmayan zeka ve nitelikte bir zarif insandı. ıı. abdülhamid devrinin ünlü saray hekimi jak mandil paşa’nın torunu... mandil paşa kültür tarihimizde "lisanı türki komisyonu"nu teşkil ederek osmanlı musevileri’nin dil ve kültür alanında türkleştirilmesi için çalışan bir osmanlı münevveri... 1923 doğumlu bilgili, diller bilen bir genç olan tilda 1948’de ingiliz nafen haber ajansında çevirmenlik yaparken yaşar kemal’i tanımış ve hayran olduğu genç yazarın bu tarihten sonra mütercimi olmayı iş edinmişti. 

Tercüme edebiyatının halen en gülünç örneklerini sergilendiği bir memleketteyiz. bu ortamda tilda gökçeli gibi çok özgün bir kişilikten söz etmek zorundayız. eşine az rastlanır derecede bir ingilizce bilgisinin yanında edebi düzeyde de bir fransızcası vardı. bunları türkiye’de edinmek çalışkanlığın ötesinde, doğal yetenek ister. demek ki her "yabancı dil biliyorum" diyen çeviri yapmaya heveslenmemelidir. bu gibi insanlarda rastlanan bir niteliği daha vardı. yaşar kemal’in romanlarındaki sayısız bitki, zirai terimi çevirmek için benzer yapılardaki ülkelerin köy ve köylülerini anlatan romanlarını okurdu ve bunlardan edindiği özgün terimleri sınıflandırdığı bir sözlük defter telif etmişti; umut ederiz bu sözlük kaybolmadan neşredilir. "okumuyorlar" sözünü bence en yetkili olarak kullananlardandı. çünkü çok okurdu ve okuduklarıyla etrafındakilere yeni ufuklar açtığı görülüyordu. mitoloji üzerine batı’daki en son monografileri izlerdi. girit medeniyetinden batı afrika’ya, tarihte ve haldeki sözlü kültür ve yazılı edebiyat ürünlerini heyecanla özümser ve naklederdi. 17 romanı hiç kimse bu parlaklıkta ingilizce’ye çeviremezdi. nitekim yaşar kemal’i de başka yazarlarımızı da çevirenler oldu. ama yaşar kemal’in romanları sayısız dildeki onca değişik mütercime rağmen, asıl Tilda Gökçeli’nin kalemi ile dış dünyada hakkı verilerek okundu ve hayranlık kazandı. tilda gökçeli beynelmilel vasıflara sahip bir aydındı; ama kozmopolit değildi. çok aydınımızdan önce bu yurdun renklerini, taşrasını keşfetmişti. bunlara bağlıydı ve kültürel çevre tahrip oldukça herkesten önce o feryat ederdi. 1970’lerin başında Tilda Gökçeli ve Yaşar Kemal’in de katıldığı birkaç istanbul gezisi yapmıştık. o zaman böyle geziler hiç moda değildi. türkçe’de de hiçbir Istanbul rehberi kitabı yoktu. büyük sevinç ve merakla yaptığı bu yürüyüşlerde en adım atılmadık köşelerdeki eserler üzerine en az bilindik şeyleri söylerdi. sözde toplumsal tahlillerin yapıldığı ortamlarda; çevreye edebiyat ve tarihten en renkli ufukları açardı. bunlar tilda gökçeli’nin özgün yanlarıydı. ama herkese örnek olacak ve kalıcı yanlarından biri disiplindi. bir memuriyeti yoktu, bir kuruma bağlı olarak çalışmıyordu; ama disiplinli ve vakitli çalıştığı çok açıktı. ardında kocaman bütçeli bakanlık ve kurumların lafını edip beceremedikleri bir çeviri eser külliyatı ve edebiyatımızı tanıtma yoğunluğuyla geçen bir ömür bırakarak anılarımıza yerleşti. çeviri nankör iş, 
ama bizler nankör değiliz; onu sevdiğimiz geçen hafta anlaşılıyordu.

Ilber Ortaylı 
Link to Article

[1] His eye doctor was Elias Kohen Paşa

[2] Leon Mandil's grandfather, Jak Mandil Pasha, was personal doctor to sultan Abdülhamid II. His younger sister Tilda Kemal (b. 1923, d. 2003) married novelist Yaşar Kemal.

After the long phase of the Phony War (Drôle de guerre) and the occupation of southern France by the German Army, the consulate located in Marseille and headed by Necdet Kent was moved to Grenoble, Switzerland, which was a neutral nation. The coordination work was carried out by Leon Mandil, a Turkish Jew appointed a decade before by Atatürk as "special attaché". He had a perfect command of the French language and culture. His family had been prominent in Turkey since the 19th century.

In 1939 then President İsmet İnönü hand-picked Behiç Erkin[*] for the post of ambassador to France. Erkin's standing with the national government was critical to his mission of being able to save people from being dispatched to Nazi concentration camps in Eastern Europe. His decision to maintain the consulate in Paris even after the Occupation enabled his staff to keep closer watch and rescue Turkish Jews in the Paris area. In 1942-1943, Erkin personally arranged the evacuation across Europe to Turkey by rail of thousands of Turkish-associated Jews.

According to a census French authorities conducted under German Army direction in autumn 1940, 3,381 of a total of 113,467 Jews over age 15, residing in Paris and holding French nationality, were of Turkish origin. The total number of ethnic Turkish Jews were estimated at five thousand people if those under 15 were counted. Scholars have estimated possibly ten thousand Jews of Turkish origin for the whole of France at the time.  Turkey's Code allowed for double nationality, but people had to update their registry at the consulate every five years to preserve a Turkish identity. Many former Turkish nationals in France had neglected this, as most had lived there for decades. Ties to their parents' country were often reduced to anecdotal level. Scholars estimate that approximately ten thousand Jews who solely held the Turkish nationality may have resided in France at the time.

[*] Behiç Erkin  (1876 in Constantinople, Ottoman Empire-November 11, 1961 in Istanbul, Turkey) was a career Army officer; first director (1920–1926) of the Turkish State Railways, nationalized under his auspices; and statesman with the Turkish government who helped save almost 20,000 ethnic Jews in France during World War II. He was Minister of Public Works, 1926–1928, and deputy for three terms; and an ambassador. He served as Turkey's ambassador to Budapest between 1928–1939, and to Paris and Vichy between August 1939-August 1943. As Turkish ambassador in France under the German Occupation after June 1940, Erkin used the power of his office and nation's neutrality to save Jews who could document a Turkish connection, however slight, from the Holocaust.

Other Turkish diplomats in France and elsewhere, were also active in this rescue effort. The consulate staff under Necdet Kent in Marseille was particularly involved.

[3] The American Chamber of Commerce in Istanbul was based in Yıldız Han in Galata and its remit stretched across the Levant, with its base in Istanbul. In 1915 its executive committee were: Alphonse Lebet, Harry Mandil, Hobart Nerhararyan, Theodore Reppen, Francis Sarantis, Jules Aslan Fresco, Theedore J. Demon, Theodore N. Curmussi, Adolph Coronel, Jean Constantini and A. G. Arsen, with the president being Marcellus Bowen. 

[4] Sevim Burak (1931-1983). His mother Anne-Maria Mandil was a 1910 refugee from Bulgaria/Romania.

"Haham Şemoil Mendil (?-1849): Mecmualarda haham namiyle maruf olan Semoil, takriben bundan 100 sene evvel Istanbulda yasamistir. Bilhassa Nigris ve Nehavend bes- teleri, Yegah ve Nuhuft, Hisar ve AcemaSiran fasillariyie maruftur. 2 Bestesi ve 1 yürük semaisi günümüze kadar gelebilmiştir. Semoil, 1317 Hicri tarihince vefat eden Kulekapi Mevlevi Seyhi, musiki Ustadi Seyh Ataullah Efendinin hocasi olan haham Avram Mandil Efendinin pederidir. 

Haham Avram Mandil Efendi | Rabbi Avram Mandil (1820-1883) known as Haham Aga used to sing in a tekke of the Mevlevi mystical order in Galata, Istanbul, and was the teacher of the mystic Sheikh Ayatullah[**]


Mirimiran rutbesini haiz sivil hekim Jak Pasa Mandil. Istanbul Darulfunun subelerinde: Tib Fakultesinde: Jak Mandil Pasa: Seririyati dahiliye muallim muavini. "

Source: FULL TEXT Turkler ve Yahudiler by Avram Galanti, Emekli Universite Profesoru ve Nigde eski Milletvekili


[**] Galante, Avram, Türkler ve Yahudiler : Tarihi ve Siyasi Tetkik (Jews and Turcs: a Historical and Political Study, (Istanbul : Tan, 1947). Quoted by Dorn Sezgin, op.cit. The use of the title Aga denotes clearly the affiliation of Rabbi Mandil to this order.

HOŞGÖRÜ TOPLUMUNDA ERMENİLER CİLT I

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HOŞGÖRÜ TOPLUMUNDA ERMENİLER CİLT I 

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Mavi Boncuk | Levant Trade Review 1927 ad. 

Edgar B.Howard listed as a Sheffield Scientific School1909 graduate (Bryn Mawr, Pa,  Agr.) in Alumni Directory of Yale University: Graduates and Non-graduates 1920 By Yale University 

Thesis |The role of the tobacco trade in Turkish-American relations, 1923-29

March 6, 2015, 6:42 am

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Mavi Boncuk |  The role of the tobacco trade in Turkish-American relations, 1923-29. Thesis LinkRobert Carey Goodman[1]

Goodman, Robert Carey, "The role of the tobacco trade in Turkish-American relations, 1923-29." (1988). Master's Theses. Paper 540.


"...The American tobacco companies encountered trying setbacks in their attempts to recoup losses suffered in the Greco-Turkish War. The Turkish and American diplomats at Lausanne had agreed to handle American claims outside of the treaty negotiations, but as noted previously, the
failure to ratify the Turkish-American delayed the claim commission's convention until 1933-34.

One American tobacco company was able to press a claim immediately. In this case, curiously enough, the company sought compensation on the grounds that the Turks were not responsible for damages to American property during the war, more specifically, that the nationalist
forces were not responsible for the fire that destroyed stocks of tobacco in Izmir 1922.

Prior to the Turkish occupation of Izmir, Guardian Assurance Company, a British firm, insured the American Tobacco Company's stocks of aromatic leaf in Izmir warehouses.

When the fire destroyed this tobacco, American Tobacco sought compensation from the insurer. Arguing that the insurance policy did not cover damages resulting from an act of war, including fire, Guardian refused to pay.

The resultant civil suit came to trial in a London court in December 1924. American Tobacco lawyers contended that the fire was not the result of an act of war, but of arson by individuals and that such a calamity was possible in any Oriental city. Guardian countered that the nationalist

Turkish occupation of Izmir had led to the fire and that the destruction was a result of war. Justice Rowlatt decided that there was a causal connection between the nationalist occupation and the fire: arsonists in the Greek and Armenian quarters of the city had been able to start the fires only because the Turks failed to maintain order and discipline in the newly-captured city. Although the Turks had tried to put the fires out, the conflagration was connected with their arrival and, thus, was a consequence of war. Rowlatt rejected American Tobacco's claim; the first attempt to recoup war losses failed..."

34 American Tobacco sued for £168,245 4s. ld, but this suit was viewed as a test case which could have led to $20 million in claims from other companies. "The Smyrna Fire: Insurance Claim; American Tobacco Company, Incorporated v. Guardian Assurance Company, Limited," Times, 20 December 1924, p. 4, col. e; "American Tobacco Co. sues for $2,000,000 Loss in Smyrna Fire," USTJ, vol. 102, no. 23 (1924): 5.

35 11The Smyrna Fire: Insurance Claim, American Tobacco Company, Incorporated v. Guardian Assurance Company, Limited," Times, 20 December 1924[*], p. 4, col. e; Fred K. Nielsen, American-Turkish Claims Settlement: Under the Agreement of December 24. 1923, and Supplemental Agreements between the United States and Turkey, Opinions and Reports (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1937), pp. 24-6.  

[1] Carey Goodman: Carey became the director of the Southern Teachers Agency in 1997 after fifteen years of affiliation with STA. After graduating from Trinity Episcopal School in Richmond, Virginia, he earned a B.A. from Davidson College, an M.A. from the University of Richmond, and a Ph.D. in European history from the University of Virginia. Along the way, he studied at two universities in Germany and received a Fulbright for research and teaching in Vienna, Austria. He taught in independent schools and at the college level, and is a past president of the National Association of Teachers' Agencies.

Goodman(at)SouthernTeachers(dot)com

[*] "... The epilogue of the Smyrna drama was played out in London at the High Court of Justice, during the first weeks of December 1924. The American Tobacco Company was bringing suit against the Guardian Assurance Company, Ltd. Maintaining that the fire was a result of “hostile and warlike operations”, the insurance company had invoked its exemption clause and refused to pay. The claim was for over $600,000, and it was understood that the outcome of the trial would govern other claims totaling $100,000,000.
A cast of familiar characters paraded to the witness stand before Mr. Justice Rowlatt. Spunky little Major Cherefeddin Bey described how he had been struck with a hand grenade as he led his cavalry regiment down the quay on 9 September two years before, but the Armenian culprit in his original story had now become “a uniformed, armed Greek soldier who threw the bomb”. Beyond this incident the Major had seen no disorder at Smyrna because, he said, “nothing took place”.
A Colonel Mouharren Bey admitted that feeling ran high against the Armenians because “we used to read reports in our newspapers of their behaviour, which led us to believe they were not friendly to us”. Yes, the army had distributed proclamations referring to “the injustice and cowardice of the Greeks, who nevertheless proved to be the most cruel enemy unlike any nation in the history of the human race”, but the Colonel swore that his troops were well disciplined and denied that his patrols had participated in any looting, rape or murder. “The patrols would never do such a thing”, he said.
The Colonel was recalled to the stand after a witness for the plaintiff unwittingly revealed that a cordon of Turkish soldiers had held the victims in the fire zone. “Did you want to prevent the people going anywhere?” asked Mr. A. T. Miller, representing the Guardian Assurance Company.
 “Yes, we prevent them.”
“Going where?”
“We prevent them to be not escape from there only to stay there.” Mr. Justice Rowlatt thought this wasn't much of a translation.
Miller tried again with another interpreter. “Why did you have the cordon on the quay? Did you want them burnt?”
“No, only to keep them by the boats.”
During his cross-examination of Mr. Chester Griswold (of Griswold and Brunswick, fig merchants), Mr. Miller again confirmed the presence of Turkish cordons around the city.
Did Mr. Griswold think it right that the people should thus be prevented from escaping the fire?
Mr. Griswold thought it was done for their own good. The roads leading from town were in bad neighbourhoods: “A good many bad characters live around there,” he said.
Did Mr. Griswold mean to say that the cordon was placed there by the Turks “to prevent the people from falling into bad hands?”
“I presume that,” said Mr. Griswold.
Griswold testified to having carried an American flag on his car, and to having placed American sailor guards at the bakeries - not to protect the bakers, who were Greek, but simply to keep them from selling bread. He had driven around town a good deal before and after the fire, in his capacity as secretary of the relief committee. The town was quiet and he had seen no violence.
Under cross-examination Griswold admitted that his Turkish business partner was the mayor of Smyrna and that he was also a friend and associate of a man named Archbell, a director of the American Tobacco Company - the plaintiff in the case.
Mr. Rene Guichet, chief engineer of the French railway company, with offices at the edge of the Armenian quarter, had seen nothing unusual before the fire except a little pillaging and heard nothing except a few “joy firings”; but he had to concede that there was essentially little difference in the sound of a gun being fired in joy or in anger. The Armenian population had not been molested so far as he knew because they were at first “closed in”, and later “they had left”. Again, he was forced to admit that it was not easy to tell the difference between people shut indoors and people absent, but he had an intuitive feeling of the way it had been.
Witnesses of every nationality, including an English business associate of the enterprising Mr. Archbell (this one in the garage and agricultural machinery business) supported the view that a single fire had spread accidentally, through the force of the wind.
Mr. Justice Rowlatt did not feel enlightened when the plaintiffs had rested their case. “This is one of the vaguest cases I've ever tried,” he complained.
“I’ m afraid it is very difficult, my lord,” Miller conceded.
“If this was a more civilized city,” mused the Judge, “one very probable explanation would be that somebody who was looting had got drunk. But as it is a semi-barbarous place the question of drink is not mentioned in the case.”
The haze began to clear as the defendant's witnesses took the stand. British naval officers offered their logs in evidence that while the wind was pleasantly brisk it was by no means stiff enough to fan the flames from the Collegiate Institute clear to the quay. Nurse Mabel Kalfa, the Reverend Charles Dobson, Major Maxwell of the Royal Marines, Sir Harry Lamb, members of the Smyrna fire department, and others were explicit about the origin and spreading of the flames and about the increase in violence as the days went on. A number of victims described their experiences. Among these was a lady who had been raped, whose daughter had been assaulted, and whose father had been slain by Turkish soldiers. In a dramatic cross-examination Mr. Wright, representing the plaintiff, implied that she was masquerading under a false name, but was unable to prove his Allegation. He had no better luck in trying to shake the firemen's stories. “It must have struck you as a remarkable thing that the Turks were saying they were allowed to burn down Smyrna,” he told fireman Katzaros.
“Why should it appear remarkable when I saw it myself?” “Did you mention it to your fellow workmen at the fire brigade afterwards ?”
“If I mentioned that,” said Katzaros, “they would have hanged me by the tongue.”
During his summation Wright noted severely, “This is a charge against a nation,” but he drew signs of amusement in the courtroom when he insisted that the Turks had “made every attempt to maintain order”. By now thoroughly frustrated, the counsel for the plaintiff asked the Judge to admonish the opposition: “With great respect, my lord, the case here is serious, the evidence is flimsy, and it is not made the less flimsy by my learned friend ridiculing what I am saying!”
“No, no,” said the Judge. “But I do not know that the other side, who will not be able to reply, are called upon not to laugh at what you said.”
On Friday, 19 December, Mr. Justice Rowlatt delivered a con­sidered judgment in favour of the defendant insurance company. The Judge, according to the London Times, entertained no doubt about the occurrences.
Neither the trial nor the verdict made much of an impact on the historical record, even in England. Not long afterwards a British publisher informed George Horton that The Blight of Asia could not be published there because “the British public was now so interested in the Mosul oil interests that they did not wish anything circulated that might offend the Turks”. In a letter to Horton, Venizelos con­firmed this opposition as “decisive”...."
SOURCE  SMYRNA 1922: The Destruction of a City, authored by Professor Marjorie Housepian Dobkin, published by Newmark Press, NY, NY, USA, in 1998. Marjorie Anais Housepian Dobkin(d. February 8, 2013) was Professor Emerita in English at Barnard College, Columbia University, New York.

Dresden | Yenidze Cigarette Factory Redux

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There are a number of Islamic-type buildings in Germany influenced by the growing interest in Orientalism in 19th century. The most famous example is the water-pumping station at Potsdam (1841-5) built in the form of an Egyptian Mamluk mosque. Perhaps a more surprising example is the Yenidze tobacco factory designed by Martin Hammitzsch[1] at Dresden where the minarets are used as factory chimneys. In those days the Balkan provinces provided the tobacco like Yenice, with competition from Latakia (now Syria). 

Mavi Boncuk | The Yenidze as seen from the other side of the river Elbe. 

Former Yenidze Cigarette Factory
In 1886, Jewish entrepreneur Hugo Zietz[2], which imported tobacco from Ottoman Yenidze, Thrace founded the Orientalische Tabak- und Cigarettenfabrik Yenidze (oriental tobacco and cigarette factory Yenidze). After Zietz had brought the firm into the leading group of German tobacco ware producers, he commissioned the architect, Hermann Martin Hammitzsch, to build the factory near the railway route near the Dresden city center. It was built sometime in the years of 1908-1909 as the first reinforced concrete multi storey buildings in Germany. 

The name "Yenidze" derives from the tobacco cultivation area of Yenice, a place in the Grecian part of Macedonia today known as Giannitsa. "Yenidze" was also the name of the tobacco importing company that built the factory. At the time of the construction, the factory was under the Turkish administration and wanted a factory for their imported eastern tobacco to include Near-Eastern design elements. 



Martin Hammitzsch, the 29-year-old engineer and architect  designed an astonishing building that incorporates Turkish, Moorish and Jugendstil architectural and decorative elements. It is topped by a 20-metre-high coloured-glass dome inspired by the tombs of the Abassid Caliphs in Cairo, which can be illuminated from inside at night. Originally two steam engines produced the electricity needed to light it and project the words "Salam Aleikum". Local legislation forbade factory chimneys near the city centre but Hammitzsch got round it by disguising them as minarets. The main part of the factory consists of six floors, and rises to ten under the dome, making it when built one of the tallest structures in Dresden. 

The façade, which shows the influence of Jugendstil (Art Nouveau), is made from granite, colored concrete blocks, and painted stucco. In 1907-10, Hammitzsch built this factory on Weißeritzstraße. It was the first industrial building that was constructed using a reinforced concrete frame. However, at the time of construction, the design was controversial. The style irritated the architectural community used to the buildings of baroque of the Saxonian kings in Dresden, Martin Hammitzsch was removed from the rolls of Reichsarchitektenkammer/the Association of Architects.

Dresden during the 30's became the tobacco center of Germany, with 40 factories producing over 60 per cent of all smoke goods. The Yenidze Factory was the largest in Germany. It was (like most of Dresden) heavily damaged in 1945. During the East German regime it was used as a storage facility for a manufacturing plant.

The firm of Hentrich, Petschnigg, and Partners eventually rebuilt the Tobakmoschee; and, since 1996, it has served as a building for restaurants and offices. The dome is glass and is lit from within at night and is being used very creatively to tell childrens stories under.


Architectural information from Dresden Archive (in German)

Note for the curious:

[1] Martin Heinrich Hammitzsch ( b. 22. May 1878 in Plauen near Dresden; d. of a suicide 12. May 1945 near Kurort Oberwiesenthal) was a Gerrman architect. He was the second husband of Angela Hitler (July 28, 1883 - October 30, 1949) the elder half-sister of Adolf Hitler. Her first husband Leo Raubal died on August 10 1910. Angela moved to Vienna and after World War I became manager of Mensa Academia Judaica, a boarding house for Jewish students where she once defended her charges against anti-Semitic rioters. Angela had heard nothing from Adolf for a decade when he re-established contact with her in 1919. In 1928 she and one of her daughters, Geli moved to Obersalzberg where she became his housekeeper and was later put in charge of the household at Hitler's expanded retreat in Berchtesgaden. Adolf Hitler began a relationship with Geli who committed suicide in 1931. She eventually left Berchtesgaden as a result and moved to Dresden. Adolf Hitler broke off relations with her and did not attend her wedding to Prof. Martin Hammitzsch.




[2]  See: Tax Court of the United States. ESTATE OF HEDWIG ZIETZ, WILLY ZIETZ, ADMINISTRATOR, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT

"Hedwig was married to Hugo Zietz, a German citizen, in 1898. They resided in Dresden, Germany, until the death of Hugo. They had two sons, Hugo, Jr., and Willy.

At the time of her marriage, Hedwig did not own any property except some heavily encumbered real estate in Berlin. It was destroyed during World War II.

Hugo Zietz was engaged in the manufacture of cigarettes. He owned the business known as the Oriental Tobacco and Cigarette Factory Yenidze.

Hugo died testate in Germany on September 3, 1927. He was survived by Hedwig and their two sons. The last will and testament of Hugo was executed on May 8, 1925, in Dresden. Upon his death it was probated without contest in the Dresden court having jurisdiction. The will is incorporated herein by this reference.

Architectural information from Dresden Archive (in German)

 

Tobacco Workers in "Yenidze" Factory

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Orientalische Tabak- und Zigarettenfabrik "Yenidze" (1907-1909). Frauen beim Zigarettendrehen unter Aufsicht in einem Arbeitssaal mit über 200 Arbeitsplätzen. | Oriental tobacco and cigarette factory "Yenidze" (1907-1909). Women rolling cigarette under supervision in a workroom with more than 200 seats. Source



Under the Ottoman names "Yenidje" or "Yenidze" (from Turkish Yenice Karasu), Genisea was famous for its superior Oriental tobacco, especially suited for cigarettes. It lent its name to the Yenidze tobacco factory building in Dresden. 

The Other Yenidje Tobacco Company Limited was a British tobacco company founded in 1913 by Louis Rothman[1] and Markus Weinberg. The company was named for the town of Yenidje, Thrace (modern Genisea, Greece), a leading producer of high-quality Oriental tobaccos for cigarettes.

A dispute over business strategy lead to the dissolution of the company by the Court of Appeal's decision In re Yenidje Tobacco Co Ltd [1916] 2 Ch 426, which remains a leading authority on the dissolution of partnerships. 

Louis Rothman (1869–1926) was the founder of Rothmans International, one of the United Kingdom's largest tobacco businesses. Apprenticed at the age of fourteen to an uncle's tobacco factory near Kiev in Ukraine, Louis Rothman emigrated to the United Kingdom with very little money in 1887. At that time there was a demand for handmade cigarettes using the blends of Balkan, Crimean, Turkish, and Oriental tobaccos which Rothman had learned how to make during his apprenticeship. 

He started to earn his living in London as a hand made cigarette maker and two years later used the £40 that he had saved to buy a small supply of the materials that he needed to set up his own business selling cigarettes, which he rolled himself, under the name of L. Rothman & Co. In 1893 he married Jane Weiner and at about the same time opened a small kiosk at 55a Fleet Street (reputed to have been the smallest shop in the City of London) from where he sold the cigarettes he had rolled the previous night. 'Among his customers were the Lords Rothermere and Northcliffe and Sir James Wilcox. The business of this little shop grew until, in a comparatively short time there were six Rothman shops in the city.' 

He subsequently opened a number of other shops in the City and in about 1902 rented a half shop in the West End of London (5a Pall Mall). This was marked by the launch of the Pall Mall brand of cigarettes. From the end of the 1914/18 war it became necessary to use the name Rothmans of Pall Mall to distinguish his business from a shop in Regent Street that had been started by his brother, Marx or Max, and subsequently sold to someone else. 

In 1912 or 1913 Louis merged his business with that of Markus Weinberg to form the Yenidje Tobacco Company Limited. As a result of a disagreement between the two owners the arrangement was dissolved in 1916 and in 1917 Louis Rothman acquired the whole company. In 1919 Louis went into partnership with his son, Sydney. In 1922 they started to sell cigarettes by mail order through the Rothman's Direct-to-Smoker service. Overseas demand also expanded and taking advantage of incentives from the British Government to promote the importing of tobacco from British Commonwealth countries, they expanded the business into an international concern. 

See: Rothmans UK Holdings Limited History

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Article |
The Régie Monopoly and Tobacco Workers in Late Ottoman Istanbul by Can Nacar

Agop Matosyan Matbaası

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İNCİLİ ŞERİF-AHDİ CEDİD | AGOP MATOSYAN MATBAASI İstanbul 1878
İNCİLİ ŞERİF-AHDİ CEDİD | AGOP MATOSYAN MATBAASI İstanbul 1895  2+600 pages 16x12 cm. (shown above)
İNCİLİ ŞERİF-AHDİ CEDİD | AGOP MATOSYAN MATBAASI İstanbul 1912
İNCİLİ ŞERİF-AHDİ CEDİD | AGOP MATOSYAN MATBAASI İstanbul 1921 

Tekvîn ü'l-Mahlûkât | Birinci bâb

11 Allah ibtidâda semavât ve zemîni halk eyledi 2 ve zemîn tehî ve hâlî ve lücce üzerinde zulmet olup sular üzerinde dahi Rûh-Ullah hareket ėder idi 3 ve Allah nûr olsun dėdi ve nûr oldu 4 ve Allah nûruŋ iyỉ olduğunu gördü ve Allah nûru zulmetden ayırdı 5 ve Allah nûra gündüz ve zulmete gėce tesmiye eyledi ve akşâm ve sabâh oldukda birinci gün oldu .

With the establishment of the Amerikan Board Heyeti,  Istanbul Mission (Konstantiniyye Misyonu) in the early 1830's and after twenty years of labor, the American Protestant missionaries succeeded in influencing the Armenian community in Istanbul. 

Mavi Boncuk |
Agop Matosyan Matbaası: 
Sahib-i imtiyazı: Üsküdar’da Selâmsız Mahâllesinde Mektep sokağı 13 numarada sâkin İzzetlü Agop Matosyan Efendi 
Tabiiyeti: Devlet-i Âliye 
Matbaanın mahâlli. I. Daire’de Fincancılar Yokuşunda Amerikan Hanı[1]’nda 27 nolu mahâl 
Hurufat: Türkçe Fransızca Rumca Ermenice İngilizce Bulgarca Yahudice 
Tarih-i tesisi. 29 Mart- 3 Nisan sene 305 ( 10-15 Nisan 1889)arasında. 
Tecdidi: 16 Kânun-ı evvel sene 311 (28 Aralık 1895)[2].

NOTES

[1] AMERİKAN HANI Rızapaşa yokuşu Nasuhiye sokağı. Source 1 | Download Istanbul Hanlari Adres Kitabi

[2] BOA-DH. Matbuat Müdiriyeti Defterleri nu. 2944-3 s.44 ruhsat nu. 39

“   Fincancılar Yokusu’nda Amerikan Hanı’ndaki dükkânında matbaacılık mesleiyle mesgul olan Agop Matosyan Efendi’nin 1908 miladî yılı için tertip ettii duvar takvimi de çok dillilie katkı ve basına gelenler açısından ayrı bir parantezde bahsedilmeye degerdir. Matosyan Efendi hazırladgı duvar takvimini yayınlamak için gerekli olan ruhsatnameyi alabilmek amacıyla 30 Mart 1907 tarihinde Maarif Nezareti tarafına takdim ettii arzuhalinde; takvimini Türkçe Ermenice Rumca Fransızca ve Bulgarcanın yanında bir de Isveççe olmak üzere toplam altı dilde hazırlamıs oldugunu beyan etmistir. Ancak ne gariptir ki takvimin incelenmesi sırasında tefts ve muayene heyetince Isveççe nüshaya hiç temas olunmamstır. Velhasıl Isveççe olmustur Ibranice. Üstelik Ibranice ve Bulgarca basımından vazgeçilmis olduguna yani takvimin sadece dört lisandan ibaret olarak yayınlanacaına dair Matosyan Efendi tarafından bir beyanatta bulunuldugu da heyet üyeleri tarafından kayıt altına alınmıstır (BOA MF.MKT 998/40; 28 Rebiyülâhir 1325/10 Haziran 1907). Anlasılan gerçekçi olmak gerekirse anlasılmayan o ki; Matosyan Efendi Ibranice kelimesiniI sveççe seklinde yazacak kadar dikkatsiz bir matbaacı idi. O kadar para ve emek sarfıyla tertip ettii duvar takviminin Bulgarca ve özde Isveççe sözde Ibranice nüshalarını da çöpe atacak kadar bos vermis bir matbaacı… Teftis ve muayene heyeti üyeleri arasında Isveççe bilen bir üyenin bulunamayacagını düsünemeyecek kadar da umursamaz ancak takvimiyle ilgili degisiklikleri teftis ve muayene heyeti üyelerine sözlü olarak ifade edebilecek kadar samimi bir matbaacı! …”

OSMANLI’DA ZAMANI ANLAMAK: “Duvar Takvimlerinin Basım ve Yayımı Üzerine Bazı Bilgiler” 
TO UNDERSTAND THE TIME IN OTTOMAN: “Some Information About the Printing and Issuing of the Wall Calendars” 
Ahmet YÜKSEL

See also: 
Ayfer Tuzcu Ünsal | ANTEP’TE 1898-1919 YILLARINDA BASILAN KİTAPLAR (Armenian Publishing) 04 Ocak 2015 

ISTANBUL’DA BIR CEMAATIN DOĞUSU: WILLIAM GOODELL VE AMERIKAN PROTESTAN MISYONU Cemal YETKINER

Levi Parsons (1792-1822) and Pliny Fisk (1792-1825)

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Cyrus Hamlin and Armenian Awakening

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Parsons, Levi (1792-1822)

American missionary to the Near East

Born into a pastor’s family in Goshen, Massachusetts, Parsons manifested unusual piety in his youth and early felt a missionary call. He graduated from Middlebury College (1814) and from Andover Theological Seminary (1817) and was ordained by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions as a missionary in 1817. For two years he served as an effective missions promoter, soliciting contributions and organizing Palestine Societies, particularly among young people, for the support of a mission to be based in Jerusalem. The millennial hope of Israel’s conversion was widespread and sometimes took surprising forms: a group of New York Indians gave Parsons $5.87 and sent a message “to their forefathers in Jerusalem.” In a farewell service at Park Street Church, Boston, Parsons and his companion Pliny Fisk were given a generous mandate: Two great questions were to be ever in their minds, “What good can be done, and by what means?” for Jews, pagans, Mohammedans, and people in Egypt, Syria, Persia, Armenia, or other countries which they might investigate. Fisk and Parsons sailed in November 1819, arrived at Smyrna in January 1820, and went to the island of Scio, where they studied modern Greek. Then they toured Asia Minor, visiting the “seven churches of Asia” noted in the Book of Revelation, and distributing tracts and Testaments. At the end of 1820 Parsons went on to Jerusalem, the first Protestant missionary to enter with the intention of making that city his permanent base. He visited around the city, distributed tracts and Bibles, and talked with people from many places. His reports received much attention in America. In May 1821 Parsons left for Smyrna, suffering a serious illness en route, rejoined Fisk, and with him started again for Jerusalem via Egypt. At Alexandria, Parsons again took sick and died there.

David M. Stowe, “Parsons, Levi,” in Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions, ed. Gerald H. Anderson (New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 1998), 517.

Parsons, Levi. Memoir of Rev. Levi Parsons, First Missionary to Palestine from the United States: Containing Sketches of his Early Life and Education, His Missionary Labours in this Country, in Asia Minor and Judea, with an Account of his Last Sickness and Death. 2d ed. Also Extracts from a Farewell Address Delivered Before “The Society of Enquiry upon the Subject of Missions,” at Andover, September, 1817. Edited by Rev. Daniel O. Morton. Hartford: Cooke & Co. and Packard & Butler, 1830.

Pliny Fisk (1792-1825)

Son of Ebenezer and Sarah (Barnard) Fisk,  he was born in Shelburne, Massachusetts, on June 24, 1792.

After preparing for College with Rev. Moses Halleck, Fisk entered Middlebury in the Fall of 1807. After graduating from Middlebury College in August 1814, Fisk studied theology with Rev. Thomas Packard of Shelburne, Vermont. He was licensed to preach by the Franklin Association of Congregational ministers in 1815 and for eight months served as pastor in Wilmington, Vermont, where he established a Sabbath school and a Ladies’ and Gentlemen’s Missionary Association. In the Fall of 1815, he entered Andover Theological Seminary, from which he graduated in September 1818.

That same month, the Prudential Committee of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), appointed Fisk to the first Palestine Mission.  In November 1818, he was ordained in the Tabernacle Church, Salem, MA. Before taking on the Palestine Mission, however, he served for a year as Agent of the ABCFM in Georgia and South Carolina. In November, 1819, Fisk sailed for Palestine with his Middlebury classmate Levi Parsons. Between 1820-23, Fisk carried out his mission in Smyrna and Egypt.  He deeply mourned the death of his companion Levi Parsons in early 1822, and took over his mission in Egypt. Fisk moved on to perform his mission in Jerusalem from 1823-1825. Fisk died on October 23, 1825 in Beirut.


Image credit: Frontispiece from Memoir of the Rev. Pliny Fisk, A.M. : late missionary to Palestine. Boston, 1827.

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BEŞİR KEMAL,(Pelin), Türk eczacı (Halep 1876-İstanbul 1942). Mektebi tıbbiyei mülkiye'nin (sivil tıbbiye) eczacılık bölümünü bitirdi (1898). Hamdi Bey ile birlikte açtığı Halep eczanesi[1]'ni, daha sonra Sirkeci semtine taşıdı. Beşir Kemal eczanesi adını alan kuruluşta, eczacılığın yanı sıra Beşir Kemal subyesi (balık yağı), kınakına, şark sürmesi, nasır ilacı gibi döneminde büyük ün yapan hazır ilaçlar üretildi. 

 Larousse

[1] Eczane-i Hamdi, Türkiye'de açılan ilk eczanelerden biridir. See Mavi Boncuk Blog

Eczane-i Hamdi, Haseki Hastanesi başeczacısı Ahmet Hamdi Bey tarafından 1890 yılında (bazı kaynaklara göre 1880) Zeyrek yokuşu başlangıcında açılmıştır. Sahibinin Türk ve müslüman olması nedeniyle çok kısa bir süre içinde adının duyulmasıyla ün kazanan eczane, devlet ve sarayın önde gelenleri tarafından ilgi görerek, normal satışlarının yanı sıra, seçkin sınıfa ilaç sattı. Ahmet Hamdi Bey'in eczanesinde birçok eczacı yetişti. Bir süre sonra Vezneciler semtine taşınan eczanede ilaç üretimi de yapılmaktaydı. Bunların bazıları; Kola Hamdi, Elixir Digestif, Kefir, Liqueur de Goudron, Dermophile, Syrop İodotannique Phospate en tanınmışlarıydı.

Dönemin diğer ecza(ha)neleri:

Eczane-i Ziyâ (Divanyolu, 1890)
Ethem Pertev Bey Eczanesi (Aksaray, 1895)
Eczane-i Mehmed Kâzım (Beşiktaş, 1896)
Halep Eczanesi (kurucusu : Beşir Kemal, Bahçekapı, 1898)

İstikamet Eczanesi (kurucusu : Hasan Rauf, Divanyolu, 1900)

20 years After | The 1995 Gazi Quarter riots

March 10, 2015, 9:37 am

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See also " Ders Gibi Gazi Dosyasi"

Mavi Boncuk | 

 The 1995 Gazi Quarter riots (Turkish: Gazi Mahallesi olayları) were events that occurred in March 1995 at the Gazi Quarter, a working-class neighborhood in the then Gaziosmanpaşa district, today Sultangazi district, of Istanbul, Turkey, where mostly Alevis live. The riots began after a provocative gunned attack on several cafés at the same time, and spread over other places in Istanbul and also in Ankara in the next days. During the four-day lasting unrest, a total of 23 people were killed and more than 400 were injured at three different places.

In the evening hours of March 12, 1995, three cafés and a cake shop were attacked at the same time with automatic rifle, fired by anonymous persons from a passing taxicab. As a result of the attack, Dede Halil Kaya, a 61-year-old Alevi religious leader, was killed and 25 people were injured, five of them severely. The gunmen escaped unidentified after having murdered the cab driver by cutting his throat, and set the hijacked cab on fire.

The daily Sabah reported that during the further investigations in the case of Ergenekon trials, the public prosecutor discovered that Osman Gürbüz, a detainee suspected of membership in the alleged clandestine Ergenekon organization, was the main actor of the 1995 attacks in the Gazi Quarter.
He was hired by Bülent Öztürk, a dishonorably discharged army officer in the rank of a major. Gürbüz was than trained by the Gendarmerie in special warfare and psychological warfare. He received false identity documents from Öztürk and the code name "Küçük Hacı" (literally: Little Pilgrim) before he moved to Istanbul for action. He formed there a gang of ten members. Then on the orders of Öztürk, Osman Gürbüz planned and carried out the assault in the Gazi Quarter with his complices.

See also " Ders Gibi Gazi Dosyasi"