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Çırak: novice[1], apprentice [2], pupil EN çérāğ etmek "(tarikat ve loncada) inisiye etmek, meratibin ilk basamağında görevlendirmek" [ TDK, Tarama Sözlüğü, 1500]
çerāğ/çirāğ "hizmetçi, uşak" [ Meninski, Thesaurus, 1680]
from Persian çarāġ/çirāġ چراغ kandil, meşale, çıra
Kalfa: foreman[2], qualified workman EN kalfa "vekil, mal sahibinin yerine iş gören" [ Meninski, Thesaurus, 1680]
from Arabic χalīfa ͭ خليفة [#χlf faˁīlāͭ sf. f.] birinin yerine geçen, vekil, halife
→ halife
Usta: usta TR, master[3] EN [ Codex Cumanicus, 1300] from Persian ustā/ustād اوستا/اوستاد üstad. "Farisî olan üstād (...) Türkîde avam galat edüp usta derler." RMim 1614.
Vekil: vekil TR; delegate, deputy, vice EN [ Mukaddimetü'l-Edeb, 1300], vekīl kıldı anı işge, erklig kıldı
vekilharç "[Fa wakīl-i χarc] harcama yetkilisi, evin alışveriş ve ödeme işlerini yapan görevli" [ Filippo Argenti, Regola del Parlare Turco, 1533]
from Arabic wakīl وكيل [#wkl faˁīl sf.] temsilci, başkası adına yetki kullanan
vekâlet, vekilharç, vükela
Reis: reis [ İrşadü'l-Mülûk ve's-Selâtîn, 1387] from Arabic raˀīs رئيس [#rAs faˁīl sf.] baş kişi, önder, yönetici, kaptan from Arabic raˀs رأس baş (= Aram reˀşā רˀשא a.a. = Akad rāşu . )
reisülküttap, resen, riyaset
Patron: patron TR; Patron[4] EN Borrowed from Italian as patrona used until 19. century in Turkish. Captain of a ship. patrun/patruna "gemi kaptanı" [ Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatname, 1680]
patron TR; pattern EN "konfeksiyonda kesim kalıbı" [ Cumhuriyet - gazete, 1932] Amerikan bezinden dikilmiş kutür patronları. FR patron 1. peder, baba, ağa, pir, gemi kaptanı [esk.], işyeri sahibi, 2. kopyası alınan kitabın aslı oldLatin patronus Latin pater baba IndoEuropean pəter. peder
patrona, patronaj, patroniçe, patern, paternalizm, patrik, patrimonial
Kaptan: kaptan kapudan [ Düsturname-i Enveri, 1465] ~ Ven capitán kumandan, özellikle gemi kumandanı [İt capitano] oldlatin capitanus/capitaneus şef, önder, kaptan Latin caput, capit- baş TR; head EN → kapital
[1] Novice mid-14c., "probationer in a religious order," from Old French novice "beginner" (12c.), from Medieval Latin novicius, noun use of Latin novicius "newly imported, newly arrived, inexperienced" (of slaves), from novus "new" (see new). Meaning "inexperienced person" is attested from early 15c.
[2] Apprentice : c.1300, from Old French aprentiz "someone learning" (13c., Modern French apprenti, taking the older form as a plural), also as an adjective, "unskilled, inexperienced," from aprendre (Modern French apprendre) "to learn; to teach," contracted from Latin apprehendere (see apprehend). Shortened form prentice long was more usual in English.
Assistant: mid-15c., assistent "one who helps or aids another," from Middle French assistent, adjective and noun, properly present participle of assister. early 15c., from Middle French assister "to stand by, help, put, place, assist" (14c.), from Latin assistere "stand by, take a stand near, attend," from ad- "to" (see ad-) + sistere "stand still, take a stand; to set, place, cause to stand," from PIE *si-st-, reduplicated form of root *sta- "to stand" (see stet).
[2] Foreman: 1530s in the sense of "principal juror;" 1570s in the sense of "principal workman;" from fore- + man (n.). Earliest attested meaning (early 13c.) was "a leader."
Caliph: late 14c., from Old French caliphe (12c., also algalife), from Medieval Latin califa, from Arabic khalifa "successor," originally Abu-Bakr, who succeeded Muhammad in the role of leader of the faithful after the prophet's death.
[3] Master: late Old English mægester "one having control or authority," from Latin magister (n.) "chief, head, director, teacher" (source of Old French maistre, French maître, Spanish and Italian maestro, Portuguese mestre, Dutch meester, German Meister), contrastive adjective ("he who is greater") from magis (adv.) "more," from PIE *mag-yos-, comparative of root *meg- "great" (see mickle). Form influenced in Middle English by Old French cognate maistre. Meaning "original of a recording" is from 1904. In academic senses (from Medieval Latin magister) it is attested from late 14c., originally a degree conveying authority to teach in the universities. As an adjective from late 12c.
Maestro: "master of music, great teacher or composer," 1797, from Italian maestro, literally "master," from Latin magisterium, accusative of magister. Applied in Italian to eminent musical composers. Meaning "conductor, musical director" is short for maestro di cappella (1724), literally "master of the chapel" (compare German kapellmeister).
Virtuoso: 1610s, "scholar, connoisseur," from Italian virtuoso (plural virtuosi), noun use of adjective meaning "skilled, learned, of exceptional worth," from Late Latin virtuosus (see virtuous). Meaning "person with great skill, one who is a master of the mechanical part of a fine art" (as in music) is first attested 1743.early 13c., "to get the better of," from master (n.) and also from Old French maistrier, from Medieval Latin magistrare. Meaning "to reduce to subjugation" is early 15c.; that of "to acquire complete knowledge" is from 1740s. Related: Mastered; mastering.
[4] Patron 1250-1300; Middle English Medieval Latin, Latin patrōnus legal protector, advocate ( Medieval Latin: lord, master), derivative of pater father.
1.a person who is a customer, client, or paying guest, especially a regular one, of a store, hotel, or the like.
2.a person who supports with money, gifts, efforts, or endorsement an artist, writer, museum, cause, charity, institution, special event, or the like:
a patron of the arts; patrons of the annual Democratic dance.
3.a person whose support or protection is solicited or acknowledged by the dedication of a book or other work.
4.patron saint.
5.Roman History. the protector of a dependent or client, often the former master of a freedman still retaining certain rights over him.
6. Ecclesiastical. a person who has the right of presenting a member of the clergy to a benefice.
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