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Tuğla: brick EN[1] adobe[2]; tuvla "pişmiş topraktan yapı kalıbı" [ Filippo Argenti, Regola del Parlare Turco, 1533] ; tuvla [ Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatname, 1680]
"taş binā ile ve kırmızī tuvla bir sedd-i metīn kala etmişdir."
From GR toúvla τούβλα pişmiş topraktan yapılan çatı örtüsü, kiremit ; Latin tegula [dim.] çatıcık, kiremit IT/Latin tegere, tect- örtmek; to cover EN; IT/ Indo European (s)teg.
İng tile, Fr tuile, Alm Ziegel (kiremit) biçimleri Latinceden alıntıdır. Aynı HAvr kökünden Alm Decke, İng thatch (çatı örtüsü), Lat toga (üst giysi), tegumen (örtü, kabuk).
Kiremit: "çatı örtüsü" [ Mesud b. Ahmed, Süheyl ü Nevbahar, 1354] Kiremidi altun diregi gümiş keremid "a.a." [ Filippo Argenti, Regola del Parlare Turco, 1533] from GR keramídion κεραμίδιον [dim.] pişmiş topraktan yapılan şey, tuğla IT and OldGR kéramos κέραμος çömlekçi kili, pişmiş kilden yapılan her türlü çanak ve çömlek, tuğla; Indo-European kerə-mo-, ker: ateş fire EN;, yakma; to burn EN.
Duvar: wall EN[3]; [ Codex Cumanicus, 1300] diuar: paries [duvar] (...) diuar ostasi: caementarius. [ Meninski, Thesaurus, 1680] dīvār: Murus, paries. (...) Dīvārci: Murarius. [ Kamus-ı Türki, 1900] dīvār: zebanzedi duvar دووار. from Persian dīvār ديوار/دوار oldPersian deγa-vāra- kerpiç duvar; adobe wall EN, deγa- kerpiç, kil (IndoEuropean dheigh- yoğurmak; knead EN ) +oldPersian vāra- korumak; protect EN; , etrafını çevirmek (IndoEuropean wer) korumak; protect En.
[1] Brick (noun) : early 15c., from Old French briche "brick," probably from a Germanic source akin to Middle Dutch bricke "a tile," [*]literally "a broken piece[**]," from the verbal root of break (v.).
[*] Tile: early 14c., from Old English tigele "roofing shingle," from Proto-Germanic *tegala (Old Saxon tiegla, Old High German ziagal, German ziegel, Dutch tegel, Old Norse tigl), a borrowing from Latin tegula "roof-tile" (source also of Italian tegola, French tuile), from tegere "roof, to cover" (see stegosaurus). Also used in Old English and early Middle English for "brick," before that word came into use.
[**] ostracism (noun) Look up ostracism at Dictionary.com 1580s, a method of 10-year banishment in ancient Athens, by which the citizens gathered and each wrote on a potsherd or tile the name of a man they deemed dangerous to the liberties of the people, and a man whose name turned up often enough was sent away. From Middle French ostracisme (16c.), Modern Latin ostracismus, or directly from Greek ostrakismos, from ostrakizein "to ostracize," from ostrakon "tile, potsherd," from PIE *ost-r-, from root *ost- "bone" (see osseous). The Greek word is related to osteon "bone," ostreion "oyster" (and cognate with German Estrich "pavement," which is from Medieval Latin astracus "pavement," ultimately from Greek ostrakon). A similar practice in ancient Syracuse (with banishment for five years) was by writing names on olive leaves, and thus was called petalismos.
[2] Adobe : الطوبة al-tūba | at-tūba, the brick. The word is in a number of medieval Arabic dictionaries meaning "brick". The Arabic dictionary of Al-Jawhari dated about year 1000 made the comment that the Arabic word had come from Coptic tube "brick," a word found in hieroglyphics. The first record in a Western language is 12th-century Spanish adobe with the same meaning as today's, "sun-dried brick".[8] Other cases of Arabic 't' becoming medieval Spanish 'd' include es:Ajedrez, es:Algodón, es:Badana, es:Badea. The word entered English from Mexico in the 18th and 19th centuries. 1739, American English, from Spanish adobe, from oral form of Arabic al-tob "the brick."
[3] Wall: Old English weall, Anglian wall "rampart, dike, earthwork" (natural as well as man-made), "dam, cliff, rocky shore," also "defensive fortification around a city, side of a building," an Anglo-Frisian and Saxon borrowing (Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Middle Low German, Middle Dutch wal) from Latin vallum "wall, rampart, row or line of stakes," apparently a collective form of vallus "stake," from PIE *walso- "a post." Swedish vall, Danish val are from Low German. Meaning "interior partition of a structure" is mid-13c. In this case, English uses one word where many languages have two, such as German Mauer "outer wall of a town, fortress, etc.," used also in reference to the former Berlin Wall, and wand "partition wall within a building" (compare the distinction, not always rigorously kept, in Italian muro/parete, Irish mur/fraig, Lithuanian muras/siena, etc.). The Latin word for "defensive wall" was murus.
Tuğla: brick EN[1] adobe[2]; tuvla "pişmiş topraktan yapı kalıbı" [ Filippo Argenti, Regola del Parlare Turco, 1533] ; tuvla [ Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatname, 1680]
"taş binā ile ve kırmızī tuvla bir sedd-i metīn kala etmişdir."
From GR toúvla τούβλα pişmiş topraktan yapılan çatı örtüsü, kiremit ; Latin tegula [dim.] çatıcık, kiremit IT/Latin tegere, tect- örtmek; to cover EN; IT/ Indo European (s)teg.
İng tile, Fr tuile, Alm Ziegel (kiremit) biçimleri Latinceden alıntıdır. Aynı HAvr kökünden Alm Decke, İng thatch (çatı örtüsü), Lat toga (üst giysi), tegumen (örtü, kabuk).
Kiremit: "çatı örtüsü" [ Mesud b. Ahmed, Süheyl ü Nevbahar, 1354] Kiremidi altun diregi gümiş keremid "a.a." [ Filippo Argenti, Regola del Parlare Turco, 1533] from GR keramídion κεραμίδιον [dim.] pişmiş topraktan yapılan şey, tuğla IT and OldGR kéramos κέραμος çömlekçi kili, pişmiş kilden yapılan her türlü çanak ve çömlek, tuğla; Indo-European kerə-mo-, ker: ateş fire EN;, yakma; to burn EN.
Duvar: wall EN[3]; [ Codex Cumanicus, 1300] diuar: paries [duvar] (...) diuar ostasi: caementarius. [ Meninski, Thesaurus, 1680] dīvār: Murus, paries. (...) Dīvārci: Murarius. [ Kamus-ı Türki, 1900] dīvār: zebanzedi duvar دووار. from Persian dīvār ديوار/دوار oldPersian deγa-vāra- kerpiç duvar; adobe wall EN, deγa- kerpiç, kil (IndoEuropean dheigh- yoğurmak; knead EN ) +oldPersian vāra- korumak; protect EN; , etrafını çevirmek (IndoEuropean wer) korumak; protect En.
[1] Brick (noun) : early 15c., from Old French briche "brick," probably from a Germanic source akin to Middle Dutch bricke "a tile," [*]literally "a broken piece[**]," from the verbal root of break (v.).
[*] Tile: early 14c., from Old English tigele "roofing shingle," from Proto-Germanic *tegala (Old Saxon tiegla, Old High German ziagal, German ziegel, Dutch tegel, Old Norse tigl), a borrowing from Latin tegula "roof-tile" (source also of Italian tegola, French tuile), from tegere "roof, to cover" (see stegosaurus). Also used in Old English and early Middle English for "brick," before that word came into use.
[**] ostracism (noun) Look up ostracism at Dictionary.com 1580s, a method of 10-year banishment in ancient Athens, by which the citizens gathered and each wrote on a potsherd or tile the name of a man they deemed dangerous to the liberties of the people, and a man whose name turned up often enough was sent away. From Middle French ostracisme (16c.), Modern Latin ostracismus, or directly from Greek ostrakismos, from ostrakizein "to ostracize," from ostrakon "tile, potsherd," from PIE *ost-r-, from root *ost- "bone" (see osseous). The Greek word is related to osteon "bone," ostreion "oyster" (and cognate with German Estrich "pavement," which is from Medieval Latin astracus "pavement," ultimately from Greek ostrakon). A similar practice in ancient Syracuse (with banishment for five years) was by writing names on olive leaves, and thus was called petalismos.
[2] Adobe : الطوبة al-tūba | at-tūba, the brick. The word is in a number of medieval Arabic dictionaries meaning "brick". The Arabic dictionary of Al-Jawhari dated about year 1000 made the comment that the Arabic word had come from Coptic tube "brick," a word found in hieroglyphics. The first record in a Western language is 12th-century Spanish adobe with the same meaning as today's, "sun-dried brick".[8] Other cases of Arabic 't' becoming medieval Spanish 'd' include es:Ajedrez, es:Algodón, es:Badana, es:Badea. The word entered English from Mexico in the 18th and 19th centuries. 1739, American English, from Spanish adobe, from oral form of Arabic al-tob "the brick."
[3] Wall: Old English weall, Anglian wall "rampart, dike, earthwork" (natural as well as man-made), "dam, cliff, rocky shore," also "defensive fortification around a city, side of a building," an Anglo-Frisian and Saxon borrowing (Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Middle Low German, Middle Dutch wal) from Latin vallum "wall, rampart, row or line of stakes," apparently a collective form of vallus "stake," from PIE *walso- "a post." Swedish vall, Danish val are from Low German. Meaning "interior partition of a structure" is mid-13c. In this case, English uses one word where many languages have two, such as German Mauer "outer wall of a town, fortress, etc.," used also in reference to the former Berlin Wall, and wand "partition wall within a building" (compare the distinction, not always rigorously kept, in Italian muro/parete, Irish mur/fraig, Lithuanian muras/siena, etc.). The Latin word for "defensive wall" was murus.