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Hayta: Serseri, serkeş, başıboş, havaî, haylaz, saygısız, kaba, kabadayı, holigan, külhanbeyi.TR; brigand, hooligan, hobo, rascal, wastrel, lowlife, rascaille, vaurien, rogue EN [1]
1. Serseri, haylaz (kimse): Anladınız mı hayta oğlu haytalar? (Ercüment E. Talu). Kız ve erkek çocukları da birbirinden hayırsız ve hayta çıkmışlardı (Reşat N. Güntekin).
2. i. târih. Osmanlı Devleti’nde cesâretleri ve savaş
yeteneklerinin üstünlüğü ile meşhur olan dâimî süvâri serhat kullarının
ayrıldığı beş sınıftan biri: Haytalar, serhadlerde fevkalâde cesâret göstererek
akınlarıyle çok mühim hizmetler görürlerdi. Yeniçeri ocağı gibi bunlar da
nizamları bozulunca şakāvet yoluna saptıkları için îtibardan düşmüşlerdi. Bu
sebepten hayta tâbiri son zamanlarda vazîfe bilmez ataklara alem olmuştur (Mehmet
Z. Pakalın).
Hayta sözünün Haydut ile etimolojik bir bağlantısının olması mümkündür.
“haydut, başıbozuk (özellikle Rumeli'de)” [1792] yanlarında olan eṭbaˁ ve ˁasker Rumeli hayṭa ve eşḳıya ve kaypakcıları olmağla
XIX. yüzyılda yaşayan Keçecizade İzzet Molla, “divan”ında: “Rumili haytalarından bir iki yâd ettim. Dağlıyı, Dağ deviren oğlunu etmem ta’dat” (İzzet Molla Divanı, s.23) demektedir. Burada Rumili adının kullanılmış olması hayta adlandırmasının da bu bölgeye özgü olduğunu çağrıştırmaktadır.
Osmanlılar, hayta’ları bir süre eyaletlerin uç boylarındaki askeri birliklerinde görvevlendirdi. Ahmet Vefik Paşa, hayta kelimesini ‘haydut, izbandut, haydamak, berhay müsellah at hırsızı” diye açıklamaktadır. Hayta kelimesinin Balkan Dillerinden Türkçeye intikal ettiği sanılmaktadır. Ahterî Mustafa Efendi, “Ahterî-i Kebir” adlı sözlüğünde ‘deve kuşlarının uzun boylusu’na haytâ denildiğini aktarmaktadır.
Hayta sözünün Eski Yunanca ḥaiti (=yele, uzun saç) ve Yunanca ḥaiti (=yele) sözleriyle bir ilişkisini belirleyemedim. Bu sözler, Macarcada haj (hay: ‘saç’) şekliyle bilinmektedir. Osmanlı toplumunda hayta, ‘yerleşik olmayan göçebe yörük topluluk mensubu’ diye de biliniyordu. Şemseddin Sami, kelimenin doğru şeklinin hayda olduğunu öne sürmektedir.
Serseri: punk, hoodlum EN[2]Farsça sarsarī سرسر/سرسری “başıboş (sıfat), başı boşluk (ad)” sözcüğünden alıntıdır. Bu sözcük Farsça sar سر “baş” sözcüğünden +ī ekiyle türetilmiştir.
serseri mayın, serserilik “[sıfat]” [Gülşehri, Mantıku't-Tayr, 1317] her kim ol bu yola girdi serserī / olmadı Gülşehrī anuŋ rehberi “[ad]” [Süleyman Çelebi, Mevlid, 1409] Rāh-ı ˁaşḳ sanma ġāfil serserī [aşk yolunu başı boşluk sanma] [Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatname, 1665]
Hırbo: i. from Kurdish, slang jerk, bumpkin EN
1. Yontulmamış, kaba saba, hiç incelmemiş adam: Ulan hırbo! Eğer dün akşamki gibi tahta bitli odada yatacaksak gitmem (Sait Fâik).
2. Karagöz ve orta oyununda Orta Anadolu ağzını taklit eden tip.
Hırt: boor EN[3]; i. (undetermined etymology) argo. Hoyrat ve görgüsüz tavırlı, incelikten mahrum, kaba kimse: Efendi kılıklı hırtların vukūat çıkardığı da olur (Reşat N. Güntekin).
Hırtapoz: sıf. Zırtapoz sözünün değişik bir kullanılışı, zıpır, delişmen.
Zıpır: wild, brash, madcap, looney, cracked, gonzo EN[4] sıf.
ve i. (Kökü bulunamamıştır) Aklı havada olan, taşkın şekilde davranan (kimse):
Zıpır derler bunlara, zıpır… (Recâîzâde M. Ekrem). Önce dehşetli zıpırken nasıl
olmuş da Ömer / Sonra bir adle sarılmış ki değil kâr-ı beşer (Mehmet Âkif). Ben
bir zıpırım. Bir öküz benden fazla sağduyu sâhibidir (Peyâmi Safâ).
Zıpırlık: i. 1. Zıpır olma durumu: Dali alışılmış şeylere, zıpırlıklara doğuştan eğilimlidir. İstese de, istemese de, her zaman kendini tuhaflıklar içinde bulur (Salâh Birsel).
2. Zıpırca davranış.
[1] brigand (n.) c. 1400, also brigaunt, "lightly armed irregular foot-soldier," from Old French brigand (14c.), from Italian brigante "trooper, skirmisher, foot soldier," from brigare "to brawl, fight" (see brigade). Sense of "robber, freebooter, one who lives by pillaging" is earlier in English (late 14c.), reflecting the lack of distinction between professional mercenary armies and armed, organized criminals.
Probably then it was in the sense of skirmishers that the name of brigand was given to certain light-armed foot-soldiers, frequently mentioned by Froissart and his contemporaries. ... The passage from the sense of a light-armed soldier to that of a man pillaging on his own account, is easily understood. [Hensleigh Wedgwood, "A Dictionary of English Etymology," 1859]
hooligan (n.) 1890s, of unknown origin, according to OED, first found in British newspaper police-court reports in the summer of 1898, almost certainly from the variant form of the Irish surname Houlihan, which figured as a characteristic comic Irish name in music hall songs and newspapers of the 1880s and '90s.
As an "inventor" and adapter to general purposes of the tools used by navvies and hodmen, "Hooligan" is an Irish character who occupies week by week the front of a comic literary journal called Nuggets, one of the series of papers published by Mr. James Henderson at Red Lion House. Previous to publication in London, "Hooligan" appears, I believe, in New York in a comic weekly, and in London he is set off against "Schneider," a German, whose contrainventions and adaptations appear in the Garland (a very similar paper to Nuggets), which also comes from Mr. Henderson's office. "Hooligan" and "Schneider" have been running, I should think, for four or five years. [Notes and Queries, Oct. 15, 1898]
Internationalized 20c. in communist rhetoric as Russian
khuligan, opprobrium for "scofflaws, political dissenters, etc."
hobo (n.) "a tramp," 1889, Western U.S., of unknown origin. Barnhart compares early 19c. English dialectal hawbuck "lout, clumsy fellow, country bumpkin." Or possibly from ho, boy, a workers' call on late 19c. western U.S. railroads. Facetious formation hobohemia, "community or life of hobos," is from 1923 (see bohemian).
rascal (n.) mid-14c., rascaile "people of the lowest class, the general mass; rabble or foot-soldiers of an army" (senses now obsolete), also singular, "low, tricky, dishonest person," from Old French rascaille "rabble, mob" (12c., Modern French racaille), as Cotgrave's French-English Dictionary (1611) defines it: "the rascality or base and rascall sort, the scumme, dregs, offals, outcasts, of any company." Vaurien (rascal) a mischievous or impish rogue
This is of uncertain origin, perhaps a diminutive from Old French rascler, from Vulgar Latin *rasicare "to scrape" (see rash (n.)) on the notion of "the scrapings.""[U]sed in objurgation with much latitude, and often, like rogue, with slight meaning" [Century Dictionary]. Used also in Middle English of animals unfit to chase as game on account of some quality, especially a lean deer. Also formerly an adjective.
wastrel (n.) "spendthrift, idler," 1847, from waste (v.) + pejorative suffix -rel. Earlier "something useless or imperfect" (1790).
low-life (adj.) "disreputable, vulgar," 1794, from low (adj.) + life (n.). As a noun, also lowlife, "coarse, no-good person," from 1911. Low-lived (adj.) is attested from 1760.
rogue (n.) 1560s, "idle vagrant, sturdy beggar, one of the vagabond class," a word of shadowy origin, perhaps a shortened form of roger (with a hard -g-), thieves' slang for a begging vagabond who pretends to be a poor scholar from Oxford or Cambridge, which is perhaps an agent noun in English from Latin rogare "to ask." Another theory [Klein] traces it to Celtic (compare Breton rog "haughty"); OED says, "There is no evidence of connexion with F. rogue 'arrogant'" (the theory supported in Century Dictionary).
By 1570s, generally, as "dishonest, unprincipled person, rascal." In slight playful or affectionate use, "one who is mischievous," 1590s. Meaning "large wild beast living apart from the herd" is by 1859, originally of elephants. As an adjective, in reference to something uncontrolled, irresponsible, or undisciplined, by 1964. Also common in 17c. as a verb. Rogue's gallery "police collection of mug shots of notorious law-breakers" is attested from 1859.
jerk (n.) "tedious and ineffectual person," 1935, American English carnival slang, of uncertain origin. Perhaps from jerkwater "petty, inferior, insignificant" [Barnhart, OED]; alternatively from, or influenced by, verbal phrase jerk off "masturbate" [Rawson]. The lyric in "Big Rock Candy Mountain," sometimes offered as evidence of earlier use, apparently is "Where they hung the Turk [not jerk] that invented work."
A soda-jerk (1915; soda-jerker is from 1883) is so called for the pulling motion required to work the taps.
The SODA-FOUNTAIN CLERK Consider now the meek and humble soda-fountain clerk, Who draweth off the moistened air with nimble turn and jerk, [etc., Bulletin of Pharmacy, August, 1902]
bumpkin (n.) "awkward country fellow," 1560s, probably from Middle Dutch bommekijn "little barrel," diminutive of boom "tree" (see beam (n.)). Apparently, though itself Dutch, it began as a derogatory reference to Dutch people as short and dumpy. The Dutch word came into English in a more literal sense in 1630s as nautical bumkin "short boom projecting from each quarter of a vessel."
[2] punk (adj.) "inferior, bad," 1896, also as a noun, "something worthless," earlier "rotten wood used as tinder" (1680s), "A word in common use in New England, as well as in the other Northern States and Canada" [Bartlett]; perhaps from Delaware (Algonquian) ponk, literally "dust, powder, ashes;" but Gaelic spong "tinder" also has been suggested (compare spunk "touchwood, tinder," 1580s).
punk (n.2) "worthless person" (especially a young hoodlum or petty criminal), 1917, probably from punk kid "criminal's apprentice," U.S. underworld slang attested by 1904 (with overtones of "catamite"). Ultimately from punk (adj.) "inferior, bad" (q.v.), or else from punk "prostitute, harlot, strumpet," attested by 1590s, of unknown origin. Related: Punkling. For the possible sense shift from "harlot" to "homosexual," compare the possibility in gay.
By 1923 used generally for "young boy, inexperienced
person" (originally in show business, as in punk day, circus slang from
1930, "day when children are admitted free"). The verb meaning
"to back out of" is by 1920.
The "young criminal" sense no doubt is the inspiration in punk rock — loud, fast, aggressive, and outrageous — which is attested by 1971 (in a Dave Marsh article in Creem, referring to Rudi "Question Mark" Martinez); widely popularized in 1976.
If you looked different, people tried to intimidate you all the time. It was the same kind of crap you had to put up with as a hippie, when people started growing long hair. Only now it was the guys with the long hair yelling at you. You think they would have learned something. I had this extreme parrot red hair and I got hassled so much I carried a sign that said "FUCK YOU ASSHOLE." I got so tired of yelling it, I would just hold up the sign. [Bobby Startup, Philadelphia punk DJ, Philadelphia Weekly, Oct. 10, 2001]
hoodlum (n.) popularized 1871, American English, (identified throughout the 1870s as "a California word") "young street rowdy, loafer," especially one involved in violence against Chinese immigrants, "young criminal, gangster;" it appears to have been in use locally from a slightly earlier date and may have begun as a specific name of a gang:
The police have recently been investigating the proceedings of a gang of thieving boys who denominate themselves and are known to the world as the Hoodlum Gang. [San Francisco Golden Era newspaper, Feb. 16, 1868, p.4]
Of unknown origin, though newspapers of the day printed
myriad fanciful stories concocted to account for it. A guess perhaps better
than average is that it is from German dialectal (Bavarian) Huddellump
"ragamuffin" [Barnhart].
What the derivation of the word "hoodlum" is we could never satisfactorily ascertain, though several derivations have been proposed; and it would appear that the word has not been very many years in use. But, however obscure the word may be, there is nothing mysterious about the thing; .... [Walter M. Fisher, "The Californians," London, 1876]
hood (n.2) "gangster," 1930, American English, shortened form of hoodlum.
[3] boor (n.) early 14c., "country-man, peasant farmer, rustic," from Old French bovier "herdsman," from Latin bovis, genitive of bos "cow, ox." This was reinforced by or merged with native Old English gebur "dweller, farmer, peasant" (unrelated but similar in sound and sense), and 16c. by its Dutch cognate boer, from Middle Dutch gheboer "fellow dweller," from Proto-Germanic *buram "dweller," especially "farmer" (compare German Bauer), from PIE root *bheue- "to be, exist, grow.""A word of involved history in and out of English, though the ultimate etymology is clear enough" [OED]. In English it often was applied to agricultural laborers in or from other lands, as opposed to the native yeoman; negative transferred sense "one who is rude in manners" attested by 1560s (in boorish), from notion of clownish rustics. Related: Boorishness.
[4] wild (adj.) Old English wilde "in the natural state, uncultivated, untamed, undomesticated, uncontrolled," from Proto-Germanic *wildia- (source also of Old Saxon wildi, Old Norse villr, Old Frisian wilde, Dutch wild, Old High German wildi, German wild, Gothic wilþeis "wild," German Wild (n.) "game"), of uncertain origin, perhaps from PIE root *welt- "woodlands; wild" (see wold).
Ursula ... hath bin at all the Salsbury rasis, dancing like wild with Mr Clarks. [letter, 1674]
Meaning "sexually dissolute, loose" is attested from mid-13c. Meaning "distracted with excitement or emotion, crazy" is from 1590s. U.S. slang sense of "exciting, excellent" is recorded from 1955. As an adverb from 1540s. Baseball wild pitch is recorded from 1867. Wildest dreams attested from 1717. Wild West in a U.S. context recorded by 1826. Wild Turkey brand of whiskey (Austin Nichols Co.) in use from 1942.
brash (adj.) "impetuous, rash, hasty in temper," 1824, of obscure origin, perhaps originally American English; perhaps akin to 16c. Scottish brash "attack, assault," or French breche "fragments," especially of ice, which is from a Germanic source (compare Old High German brehha "breach," from brehhan "to break," from PIE root *bhreg- "to break"). Or perhaps akin to German brechen "to vomit." Not considered to be connected with rash (adj.) though they mean the same. Related: Rashly;
wold (n.) Old English wald (Anglian), weald (West Saxon, Kentish) "forest, wooded upland," from Proto-Germanic *walthuz (source also of Old Saxon and Old Frisian wald, Middle Dutch woude, wold, Dutch woud, Middle Low German walde, Old High German wald, German Wald "forest," Swedish vall "pasture," Old Norse völlr "soil, field, meadow"), from PIE root *welt- "woods; wild." The sense development from "forested upland" to "rolling open country" (c. 1200) perhaps is from Scandinavian influence, or a testimony to the historical deforestation of Britain. Not current since mid-16c.; survives mainly in place names (such as Cotswold).
madcap 1580s, noun ("person who acts madly or wildly") and adjective ("wild, harum-scarum), from mad (adj.) + cap, used here figuratively for "head." Related: Madcappery. Compare mad-brain "rash or hot-headed person" (1560s). loony (adj.) also loonie, looney, luny, "crazy; silly and eccentric," 1853, American English, short for lunatic, but also influenced by loon (n.2) and perhaps loon (n.1), the bird being noted for its wild cry and method of escaping from danger. As a noun by 1884, from the adjective.
Slang loony bin "insane asylum" is by 1909. Looney left in reference to holders of political views felt to be left-wing in the extreme is from 1977. Looney Tunes, Warner Bros. studios' animated cartoon series, dates from 1930.
cracked (adj.) mid-15c., "broken by a sharp blow," past-participle adjective from crack (v.). From 1560s as "burst, split." Meaning "mentally unsound" is by 1690s. (compare crack-brain "crazy fellow"). The equivalent Greek word was used in this sense by Aristophanes.
crack (v.) Old English cracian "make a sharp noise, give forth a loud, abrupt sound," from Proto-Germanic *krakojan (source also of Middle Dutch craken, Dutch kraken, German krachen); the whole group is probably ultimately imitative. Related: Cracked; cracking.
From c. 1300 as "to burst, split open" (intransitive), also transitive, "to cause to break into chinks." From 1785 as "break or crush into small pieces." Of the voice, "change tone suddenly," as that of a youth passing into manhood, c. 1600. Meaning "to open and drink" (a bottle) is from 16c.
From early 14c. as "to utter, say, speak, talk freely," especially "speak loudly or boastingly" (late 14c.). To crack a smile is from 1835, American English; to crack a joke is by 1732, probably from the "speak, say" sense. To crack the whip in the figurative sense is from 1886. Get cracking "go to work, start doing what is to be done" is by 1937.
gonzo (adj.) 1971, American English, in Hunter S. Thompson's phrase gonzo journalism. Thompson in 1972 said he got it from editor Bill Cardosa and explained it as "some Boston word for weird, bizarre." Probably from Italian (Neapolitan) gonzo "rude, sottish," a word of unknown origin, perhaps from Spanish ganso and ultimately from the Germanic word for "goose" (see goose (n.)). The Muppets character so called debuted in 1970, but not with the name, which seems to have developed after Thompson's use of the word.