The term Redshirts and Garibaldino were also used to describe Italian volunteers in subsequent international conflicts, including the Garibaldi Legion of Poland organized by Garibaldi's son Menotti during the January Uprising (1863); the Redshirt volunteers led by Garibaldi's son Ricciotti that fought with the army of Greece during the Greco-Turkish War (1897) and the Balkan League during the First Balkan War (1912-1913); the Garibaldi Legion who fought for France in World War I (1914-1915); the Garibaldi Battalion who fought for the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War; and the Italian antifascist partisans in World War II.
Founded in 1882 in Ottawa, Kansas by two brothers, Elmer and
Bert Underwood, Underwood & Underwood was an early producer and distributor
of stereoscopic and other photographic images. In 1920, the company sold most
of its catalog of stereographs to the Keystone View Company.
Max Fruchtermann | Istanbul (Constantinople), Turkey, 1852–1918 (Photographer, Publisher)
Max Fruchtermann (1852–1918) was an early publisher of
Ottoman Empire postcards. He was born in 1852 in Kalucz on the eastern border
of Austria-Hungary. In 1867, he moved to Constantinople (Istanbul) and began to
produce postcards in 1895. Because of the vogue for “Orientalism,”
Fruchtermann’s cards became very popular. His early postcards were hand-colored,
but he began to produce color cards in 1897 that were printed by Emil Pinkau.
Later postcard series were printed by Fingerle Freudenberg in Rehydt. In
addition to his view-cards, he produced a large series of figure studies in
native costumes. The disruption of the First World War caused his bankruptcy.
After his death, his son, Paul, continued to run his postcard shop until 1966
when the entire remaining inventory was sold off.
Look up at the street signs in most Italian towns and you’re likely to score at least two out of the three names that make up Italy’s holy trinity. There will be a Via Cavour, named after Camillo Paolo Filippo Giulio Benso, Count of Cavour (1810–1861), the centre-right prime minister of Piedmont who drove the push for a unified Italy in the mid nineteenth century. You may stumble across a Piazza Mazzini, named after the intellectual powerhouse of the movement, Giuseppe Mazzini (1805–1872), whose writing from exile framed what became a compelling argument for national unity. But there’s one name that you’ll be able to tick off your list immediately: Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882), the bearded guy astride a horse depicted in the marble statue outside the town hall.
See also: The Hero’s Way: Walking with Garibaldi from Rome to Ravenna
By Tim Parks | Harvill Secker | $35 | 384 pages Review
The Battle of Domokos (Turkish: Dömeke Savaşı) was a battle between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Greece. This battle was a part of the Greco-Turkish War (1897).
The Attack, a painting of the Ottoman forces at Domokos, by Fausto Zonaro.
Contained in book: Italy on the Rimland: Storia militare di
un penisola eurasiatica by Editor(s):Virgilio Ilari [Società Italiana di Storia
Militare – Nadir Media Edizioni Ρώμη], ISBN:88-941325-9-5, vol.1 [2019]
p.207-222
Chapter title: Ricciotti Garibaldi and the last expedition of the Italian Garibaldini volunteers to Greece (1912)
Authors: Birtachas
Efstathios (School of Italian Language and Literature, Aristotle University of
Thessaloniki, Greece)
Ricciotti Garibaldi (24 February 1847 – 17 July 1924) was an
Italian soldier, the fourth son of Giuseppe Garibaldi and Anita Garibaldi. After
a failed attempt to create market enterprises in America and Australia, he was
a deputy in the Italian Parliament from 1887 to 1890. In the Turkish-Greek War
in 1897, he fought with the Greek Army against the Ottomans with other
Garibaldines.
The article examines the presence of the Italian Garibaldini
volunteers in the Greek irredentist struggles of the period 1866-1912. This
participation falls within the framework of a long tradition of military
volunteerism by the Italians, which had commenced in the 1820s and was founded
upon the concepts of the Mediterranean solidarity at first and of the
Greco-Latin subsequently, as well as within the climate of constituting a
“Liberal International” at that time. Principal agent and embodiment of the renewed
philhellenic movement during the period of the Risorgimento’s major successes
was Giuseppe Garibaldi, who assimilated the ideas and the projects of the
democratic and Mazzinian movement, as well as the radical ideas of 1848.
First,
Garibaldi’s relations with Greece and the Balkans are examined, and the profile
of the Garibaldini volunteers is sketched. The discussion then focuses on the
volunteers’ last mission to Greece, during the First Balkan War. Explored in
this context are: the conditions of forming and sending a volunteer corps to
Greece, on the initiative of Ricciotti Garibaldi (1912); its perception by the
Italian political parties and public opinion, its reception in Greece and the
oppositions within it; and its participation jointly with Greek and other Red
Shirts in the battle of Driskos.
Assessed next are the contribution of the Italian Garibaldini at an operational level, as well as the internationalization and publicizing of the Greek campaign; the impact of their activity on the – at that time complicated – Greek-Italian interstate relations; their further usefulness and the possibilities of keeping their myth alive within the political, ideological and geopolitical clime emerging in Europe and the Mediterranean on the eve of the First World War. Last, issues of memory of the Italian Garibaldini volunteers in modern Greece are raised as well, while the lacunae in research and the research prospects for the issue investigated are noted.