Mavi Boncuk |
Hacamat: blood letting, stabbing[1], knifing, cupping
i. (from AR ḥicāmet hacāmet’ten) Arapça ḥcm kökündengelen ḥicāma(t) حجامة “kadeh çekme, tıbbi amaçla vantuz uygulama” sözcüğünden alıntıdır. Bu sözcük Arapça ḥacama حجم “meme emdi, cildini emerek tümsek hale getirdi” fiilinin fiˁāla(t) vezninde masdarıdır.
1. Vücûdun herhangi bir yerini bu iş için yapılmış bir âletle hafifçe kesip çıkan kanı boynuz, bardak vb. ile çekmek sûretiyle kan alma.
2. argo. Kesici bir âletle yaralama.
ѻ Hacamat baltası: Hacamat yapmakta kullanılan kesici âlet. Hacamat etmek: argo. Kesici bir âletle yaralamak: Çakal Rüstem’in adamlarıEsseoğlu Mûsâ’yıhacamat etmişler (Haldun Taner’den). Ben çoban olamam, çünkü sıcak yaz günleri koyunları kan tutup hastalandıkları zaman bıçağımla kulaklarını ikiye bölüp hacamat edemem (Sâmiha Ayverdi).
bir haccām Davud'ı hıcāmet eylerdi. Davud aŋa bir dīnār vérdi.
Hacamatçı: i.
1. Hacamat usûlüyle kan alan kimse, haccam.
2. argo. Kavgada bıçak vb. kesici âletler kullanan kabadayı.
Hacamatlamak: geçişli f. (< hacamat+la-mak) argo. Bıçakla yaralamak, hacamat etmek.
Vantuz:Çekip emmeye yarayan boynuz, şişe vb. âlet.
Vantuz çekmek: Şişe çekmek: Doktor (…) büyükanneme bakarak: –Üç gün sıra ile arkasına vantuz çeker, üstüne de tentürdiyot sürersiniz (…) dedi (Sâmiha Ayverdi).
To appreciate the rationale for bloodletting one must first understand the paradigm of disease 2300 years ago in the time of Hippocrates (~460–370 BC). He believed that existence was represented by the four basic elements—earth, air, fire, and water—which in humans were related to the four basic humors: blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile.
Each humor was centred in a particular organ—brain, lung, spleen, and gall bladder—and related to a particular personality type—sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic, and choleric.
Being ill meant having an imbalance of the four humors. Therefore treatment consisted of removing an amount of the excessive humor by various means such as bloodletting, purging, catharsis, diuresis, and so on. By the 1st century bloodletting was already a common treatment, but when Galen of Pergamum (129–200 AD) declared blood as the most dominant humor, the practice of venesection gained even greater importance.
Galen was able to propagate his ideas through the force of personality and the power of the pen; his total written output exceeds two million words. He had an extraordinary effect on medical practice and his teaching persisted for many centuries. His ideas and writings were disseminated by several physicians in the Middle Ages when bloodletting became accepted as the standard treatment for many conditions.
Bloodletting was divided into a generalized method done by venesection and arteriotomy, and a localized method done by scarification with cupping and leeches. Venesection was the most common procedure and usually involved the median cubital vein at the elbow, but many different veins could be used. The main instruments for this technique were called lancets and fleams.
Thumb lancets were small sharp-pointed, two-edged instruments often with an ivory or tortoise shell case that the physician could carry in his pocket. Fleams were usually devices with multiple, variably sized blades that folded into a case like a pocketknife.
Localized bloodletting often involved scarification, which meant scraping the skin with a cube-shaped brass box containing multiple small knives, followed by cupping, which involved placing a dome-shaped glass over the skin and extracting the air by suction or prior heating.
Leeches used for bloodletting usually involved the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis. At each feeding a leech can ingest about 5 to 10 ml of blood, almost 10 times its own weight. The use of leeches was greatly influenced by Dr François Broussais (1772–1838), a Parisian physician who claimed that all fevers were due to specific organ inflammation. He was a great proponent of leech therapy along with aggressive bloodletting. He believed in placing leeches over the organ of the body that was deemed to be inflamed.
his therapy was very popular in Europe in the 1830s, especially France, where 5 to 6 million leeches per year were used in Paris alone and about 35 million in the country as a whole. By the late 1800s, however, enthusiasm for leech therapy had waned, but leeches are still used today in select situations.
[1] stab (n.) "wound produced by stabbing," mid-15c., from stab (v.). Meaning "act of stabbing" is from 1520s. Meaning "a try" first recorded 1895, American English. Stab in the back in the figurative sense "treacherous deed" is first attested 1881; the verbal phrase in the figurative sense is from 1888.
stab (v.) late 14c., "thrust with a pointed weapon," first in Scottish English, apparently a dialectal variant of Scottish stob "to pierce, stab," from stob (n.), perhaps a variant of stub (n.) "stake, nail," but Barnhart finds this "doubtful." Figurative use, of emotions, etc., is from 1590s. Related: Stabbed; stabbing.
poniard (n.) "a dagger or other short, stabbing weapon," 1580s, from French poinard (early 16c.), from Old French poignal "dagger," literally "anything grasped with the fist," from poing "fist," from Latin pungus "a fist" (from suffixed form of PIE root *peuk- "to prick"). Probably altered in French by association with poindre "to stab." Compare Latin pugnus "fist," pugio "dagger." As a verb from c. 1600, "to stab with or as if with a poniard."
bayonet (n.) 1610s, originally a type of flat dagger; as a soldiers' steel stabbing weapon fitted to the muzzle of a firearm, from 1670s, from French baionnette (16c.), said to be from Bayonne, city in Gascony where supposedly they first were made; or perhaps it is a diminutive of Old French bayon "crossbow bolt." The city name is from Late Latin baia "bay" (which was borrowed into Basque from Spanish) + Basque on "good." As a verb from c. 1700.
dirk (n.) "stabbing weapon, dagger, poinard," c. 1600, perhaps from Dirk, the proper name, which was used in Scandinavian for "a picklock." But the earliest spellings were dork, durk (Johnson, 1755, seems to be responsible for the modern spelling). The earliest association is with Highlanders, however there seems to be no such word in Gaelic, where the proper word is biodag. Another candidate is German dolch "dagger."
The masc. given name is a variant of Derrick, ultimately from the Germanic compound in Dietrich.