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Yalaka: TR ухаалаг ukhaalag MON. EN sycophant[1], hypocrite[2], flatteur [3] . oldTR yalğa- *yalığ dil +A- MON calği- (yalayıp yutmak)
i. (yala-mak’tan [?]) halk ağzı.
1. Geveze, boşboğaz kimse.
2. Dalkavuk, sırnaşık kimse: Muhtemelen argodan günlük dile geçen ve son zamanlarda yaygınlaşan bu çirkin “yalaka” kelimesini önüne gelen uluorta kullanıyor (Beşir Ayvazoğlu).
3. Arsız, aç gözlü kimse.
Türkiye Türkçesi yalak “yalayan, yalanan” fiilinden türetilmiş olabilir; ancak bu kesin değildir.
Daha fazla bilgi için yala- maddesine bakınız.
TR [Milliyet - gazete, 1956] piliç meraklısı sağır bir zanpara ile yalaka karısı
TR [Türkiye'de Halk Ağızlarından Derleme Sözlüğü, 1960 yılından önce]
yalak, yalaka, yalakçı, yaldakçı, yalamık vs.: Geveze, boşboğaz, sırnaşık, dalkavuk, asalak, arsız...
Person who flatters others for the purpose of obtaining a personnal advantage.
The original Turkish definition:
Kişisel menfaat elde etmek için iltifat eden kişi.
Yala[mak]: Eski Türkçe yalġa- “yalamak” fiilinden evrilmiştir. Bu fiil Eski Türkçe yalıġ “dil?” sözcüğünden Eski Türkçe +(g)A- ekiyle türetilmiştir.
Karş. Moğolca calġi- "yalayıp yutmak".
Yalıġ sözcüğü Kaşgarî'de "1. horoz ibiği, 2. at yelesi, 3. eyerin kaşı" anlamlarında geçer. Her üç tanımın "dil" fikrinin türevleri olduğu varsayılabilir.
yalama, yalanmak, yalarım, yalatmak
yalak, yalaka, yalama, yalan, yalvar-
Eski Türkçe: [Irk Bitig, 900 yılından önce]
yaġlıġ kamıç bulupan yalġayu tirilmiş [yağlı kaşık bulup yalayarak hayatta kalmış]
Eski Türkçe: [Kaşgarî, Divan-i Lugati't-Türk, 1073]
ayāk yalġadı [[kâseyi yaladı]] (...) er yāġ yalwādı [[adam yağı yaladı]], yalwandı [[yalandı]]
Yal: yal "maaş, ücret, aylık"
yalġamaq / yalqamaq "yalamak; okşamak" (Caferoğlu, Eski Uygur Türkçesi)
yal ياك at yelesi.
yalgadı يلغادى ayak yalgadı = kap yaladı, çanak yaladı. (TDK DLT)
yal 3: is. İtə verilən horra halında yemək. İt yalı. (Azərbaycan dilinin izahlı lüğəti)
ýal1: It üçin undan, kepekden, ýarmadan we ş. m. ýörite taýýarlanylan iýmit. (Türkmen diliniň sözlügi)
yal a. hlk. Köpek ve sığırlara yedirilmek için un ve kepekle hazırlanan yiyecek. (Güncel Türkçe Sözlük)
yalgamak "dilini sürmek" [ Irk Bitig, c. 900]
yaglıg kamıç bulupan yalgayu tirilmiş [yağlı kaşık bulup yalayarak hayatta kalmış]
Yaltak: [Hamit Zübeyr & İshak Refet, Anadilden Derlemeler, 1932] yal (tüm Anadou ağızları): suya karıştırılmış un, bulaşık suyu, köpek yemi. Türkiye Türkçesi yaldak “kuyruk sallayan, dalkavuk” sözcüğünden evrilmiştir. Bu sözcük Türkiye Türkçesi yaldan- “(köpek) kuyruk sallamak” fiilinden Türkiye Türkçesi +Uk ekiyle türetilmiştir.
Bu fiil Türkiye Türkçesi yal “köpek yemeği” sözcüğünden türetilmiş olabilir; ancak bu kesin değildir.
yaltakçı, yaltaklanmak fromTR yaldan- [Mesud b. Ahmed, Süheyl ü Nevbahar terc., 1354] yatağında kaplan söze aldanur / ite etmek atıcağız yaldanur Türkiye Türkçesi: [Işknâme, 1398] kim ise bī-ḥayā bī-şerm ü yaldak [kim hayasız utanmaz ve dalkavuk ise] / virirler aŋa ṭabl ü kūs ü sancak Çağatayca: [Pavet de Courteille, Dictionnaire Turc Oriental, 1500 yılından önce]
Yaltak – yaldak sıf. ve i. (Kökü kesin olarak belli değildir) E. T. Türk. ve halk ağzı. Yaltaklanan, hoşa gitmek, yaranmak için dalkavukça davranan (kimse), yaltakçı, riyâkâr: Kim ise bî-hayâ bî-şerm ü yaldak / Vezirler ana tabl ü kûs ü sancak (Işknâme – T. S.).
Yaltakçi sıf. ve i. halk ağzı. Yaltak, dalkavuk.
Yaltakçilik i. Yaltaklık.
Yaltaklanmak dönüşlü f. (< yaltak+lan-mak) Yaranmak, hoş görünmek için dalkavukça hareketlerde bulunmak: Başını, “Git, istemem oğlan!” diye bağıran anasının dizine kor, yaltaklanır (Hâlit Z. Uşaklıgil). Köpek kuyruğunu sallayarak, kulaklarını kısarak yaltaklanıyordu (Ahmet H. Tanpınar). Bak size söyleyeyim, bir daha daktiloya yaltaklanmak yok (Fahri Celâl).
Yaltaklik i. 1. Yaltak olma durumu: Hepsinde yalan da olsa tatlı bir sokulganlık, bir yaltaklık var (Memduh Ş. Esendal).
2. Yaltakça davranış, yaltakçılık: Hacı Kadir’in alımlı kız demesi yaltaklık, dalkavukluktu (Mahmut Yesâri).
[1] sycophant (n.) 1530s (in Latin form sycophanta), "informer, talebearer, slanderer," from French sycophante and directly from Latin sycophanta, from Greek sykophantes "false accuser, slanderer," literally "one who shows the fig," from sykon "fig" (see fig) + phainein "to show" (from PIE root *bha- (1) "to shine").
"Showing the fig" was a vulgar gesture made by sticking the thumb between two fingers, a display which vaguely resembles a fig, itself symbolic of a vagina (sykon also meant "vulva"). The modern accepted explanation is that prominent politicians in ancient Greece held aloof from such inflammatory gestures, but privately urged their followers to taunt their opponents. The sense of "mean, servile flatterer" is first recorded in English 1570s.
The explanation, long current, that it orig. meant an informer against the unlawful exportation of figs cannot be substantiated. [OED]
In modern English, sycophant denotes an "insincere flatterer" and is used to refer to someone practising sycophancy (i.e., insincere flattery to gain advantage). The word has its origin in the legal system of Classical Athens. Most legal cases of the time were brought by private litigants as there was no police force and only a limited number of officially appointed public prosecutors. By the fifth century BC this practice had given rise to abuse by "sycophants": litigants who brought unjustified prosecutions. The word retains the same meaning ('slanderer') in Modern Greek, French, (where it also can mean 'informer') and Italian. In modern English, the meaning of the word has shifted to its present usage.
It takes place in Plato's Krito. The translator wrote: "The name given to people in ancient Greece who threatened to take people to court and demand money in return."
sycophantic (adj.) 1670s, from Greek sykophantikos, from sykophantes (see sycophant). Related: Sycophantical (1560s).
sycophancy (n.) 1620s, from sycophant + abstract noun suffix -cy, or else from Latin sycophantia, from Greek sykophantia "false accusation, slander; conduct of a sycophant," from sykophantes.
The origin of the Ancient Greek word συκοφάντης (sykophántēs) is a matter of debate, but disparages the unjustified accuser who has in some way perverted the legal system.[1]
The original etymology of the word (sukon/sykos/συκος 'fig', and phainein/fanēs/φανης 'to show') "revealer of figs"—has been the subject of extensive scholarly speculation and conjecture. Plutarch appears to be the first to have suggested that the source of the term was in laws forbidding the exportation of figs, and that those who leveled the accusation against another of illegally exporting figs were therefore called sycophants. Athenaeus provided a similar explanation. Blackstone's Commentaries repeats this story, but adds an additional take—that there were laws making it a capital offense to break into a garden and steal figs, and that the law was so odious that informers were given the name sycophants.
A different explanation of the origin of the term by Shadwell was that the sycophant refers to the manner in which figs are harvested, by shaking the tree and revealing the fruit hidden among the leaves. The sycophant, by making false accusations, makes the accused yield up their fruit. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition listed these and other explanations, including that the making of false accusations was an insult to the accused in the nature of "showing the fig", an "obscene gesture of phallic significance" or, alternatively that the false charges were often so insubstantial as to not amount to the worth of a fig.
Generally, scholars have dismissed these explanations as inventions, long after the original meaning had been lost. Danielle Allen suggests that the term was "slightly obscene", connoting a kind of perversion, and may have had a web of meanings derived from the symbolism of figs in ancient Greek culture, ranging from the improper display of one's "figs" by being overly aggressive in pursuing a prosecution, the unseemly revealing of the private matters of those accused of wrongdoing, to the inappropriate timing of harvesting figs when they are unripe.
In daily use, the term συκοφάντης refers to someone that purposely spreads lies about a person, in order to harm this person’s reputation, or otherwise insult his honor (i.e. a slanderer), and συκοφαντία is doing so (i.e. slander, n., to slander: συκοφαντώ).
In legal terms, Article 362 of the Greek Penal Code defines defamation (δυσφήμηση) "whoever who with in any way claims or spreads for someone else a fact that could harm that person's honor or reputation", whereas slanderous defamation (συκοφαντική δυσφήμηση) is when the fact is a lie, and the person who claims or spreads it knows that. The first case is punishable with up to two years' imprisonment or a fine, whereas slanderous defamation is punishable with at least three months' imprisonment and a fine.
The word sycophant entered the English and French languages in the mid-16th century, and originally had the same meaning in English and French (sycophante) as in Greek, a false accuser. Today, in Greek and French it retains the original meaning.
The meaning in English has changed over time, however, and came to mean an insincere flatterer. The common thread in the older and current meanings is that the sycophant is in both instances portrayed as a kind of parasite, speaking falsely and insincerely in the accusation or the flattery for gain. The Greek plays often combined in one single character the elements of the parasite and the sycophant, and the natural similarities of the two closely related types led to the shift in the meaning of the word.[12] The sycophant in both meanings can also be viewed as two sides of the same coin: the same person currying one's favor by insincere flattery is also spreading false tales and accusations behind one's back.
In Renaissance English, the word was used in both senses and meanings, that of the Greek informer, and the current sense of a "flattering parasite", with both being cast as enemies—not only of those they wrong, but also of the person or state that they ostensibly serve.
[2] hypocrite (n.) c. 1200, ypocrite, "false pretender to virtue or religion," from Old French ypocrite (12c., Modern French hypocrite), from Church Latin hypocrita "a hypocrite," from Greek hypokritēs "stage actor; pretender, dissembler," from hypokrinesthai.
[3] flatter (v.) c. 1200, flateren, flaterien, "seek to please or gratify (someone) by undue praise, praise insincerely, beguile with pleasing words," from Old French flater "to deceive; caress, fondle; prostrate, throw, fling (to the ground)" (13c.), probably from a Germanic source, perhaps from Proto-Germanic *flata- "flat" (from PIE root *plat- "to spread").
"Of somewhat doubtful etymology" [OED]. Liberman calls it "one of many imitative verbs beginning with fl- and denoting unsteady or light, repeated movement" (for example flicker, flutter). If it is related to flat the notion could be either "caress with the flat of the hand, stroke, pet," or "throw oneself flat on the ground" (in fawning adoration). The -er ending is unusual for an English verb from French; perhaps it is by influence of shimmer, flicker, etc., or from flattery.
Meaning "give a pleasing but false impression to" is from late 14c. Sense of "show (something) to best advantage" is from 1580s, originally of portraits.
flattery (n.) early 14c., "dishonest praise, coaxing speech," from Old French flaterie "flattery, cajolery" (Modern French flatterie), from flater "to flatter" (see flatter).
flatterer (n.) mid-14c., agent noun from flatter. An old contemptuous term for one was flattercap (1680s). Fem. form flatteress is attested from late 14c.-18c.
flattering (adj.) late 14c., "pleasing to the imagination; dishonestly pleasing; having a false appearance of favorableness," present-participle adjective from flatter. Meaning "gratifying to self-esteem" is from 1757. Related: Flatteringly.