Tiryaki: fromFA tiryākī ترياكى ilaç veya uyuşturucu müptelası, afyonkeş ; tiryāk ترياك panzehir, afyon macunu oldGR thēriakē θήριακη Pontus kralı Mithridates'e atfedilen afyonlu ilaç karışımı oldGR thērion θήριον zehirli yılan Oldest source tiryāk "afyon" [ Saraylı Seyf, Gülistan Tercümesi (1391) ] "afyonkeş" [ Filippo Argenti, Regola del Parlare Turco (1533) ]
Cumhur: public, republic[1] EN; fromAR cumhūr جمهور 1. birikme, 2. yığın, birikinti, kalabalık → cem Tarihte En Eski Kaynak cumhūr "kalabalık, halk": fağfur u ekâbir u cumhūr duru geldiler, izzet etdiler, oturdılar. ] cumhūr "1. çoğunluk, çokluk, yığın, 2. (kullanımda) halk idaresi, respublica" [ Meninski, Thesaurus (1680) ] cumhuriyet "seçilmiş başkanla yönetim biçimi" [ Ahmet Vefik Paşa, Lugat-ı Osmani (1876) ] cumhur cemaat 2. yığın, birikinti, kalabalık" sözcüğünden alıntıdır.
İsviçre ve Holanda gibi ülkelerin yönetim biçimine Osmanlı kullanımında önceleri cumhūr adı verilirken, 19. yy'da cumhūriyyet sözcüğü tercih edildi. Masdara eklenen +iyyet eki Türkçeye özgüdür.
Cümbür cemaat ifadesi, (belki cümbüş sözcüğünden kontaminasyon yoluyla) cumhur cemaat deyiminden bozunmuştur.
Millet: nation[2] EN; fromAR milla ͭ ملّة [#mll mr.] din, mezhep, bir din veya mezhebe mensup cemaat Aramaic məllāמלא dil (language) Aramaic mll מלל konuşmak Oldest source "din, mezhep, bir din veya mezhebe mensup cemaat" [ Atebet-ül Hakayık (1300 yılından önce) ] "ümmet, kavim, cemaat" [ Ahmet Vefik Paşa, Lugat-ı Osmani (1876) ]
Sözcüğün özgün anlamı muhtemelen “aynı dili konuşanlar” olduğu halde “aynı dini töreye bağlı olanlar” anlamı ağır basmış ve Türkçede 19. yy sonuna dek bu anlamda kullanılmıştır. Fransızca nation karşılığı olan yeni anlamı Türkçede türemiş ve Türkçeden modern Arap dillerine aktarılmıştır.
[1] public (adj.) late 14c., "open to general observation," from Old French public (c. 1300) and directly from Latin publicus "of the people; of the state; done for the state," also "common, general, public; ordinary, vulgar," and as a noun, "a commonwealth; public property," altered (probably by influence of Latin pubes "adult population, adult") from Old Latin poplicus "pertaining to the people," from populus "people" (see people (n.)).
Early 15c. as "pertaining to the people." From late 15c. as "pertaining to public affairs;" meaning "open to all in the community" is from 1540s in English. An Old English adjective in this sense was folclic. Public relations first recorded 1913 (after an isolated use by Thomas Jefferson in 1807). Public office "position held by a public official" is from 1821; public service is from 1570s; public interest from 1670s. Public-spirited is from 1670s. Public enemy is attested from 1756. Public sector attested from 1949. Public funds (1713) are the funded debts of a government.
Public school is from 1570s, originally, in Britain, a grammar school endowed for the benefit of the public, but most have evolved into boarding-schools for the well-to-do. The main modern meaning in U.S., "school (usually free) provided at public expense and run by local authorities," is attested from 1640s. For public house, see pub.
public (n.) "the community," 1610s, from public (adj.); meaning "people in general" is from 1660s. In public "in public view, publicly" is attested from c. 1500.
republic (n.)
c. 1600, "state in which supreme power rests in the people via elected representatives," from Middle French république (15c.), from Latin respublica (ablative republica) "the common weal, a commonwealth, state, republic," literally res publica "public interest, the state," from res "affair, matter, thing" + publica, fem. of publicus "public" (see public (adj.)). Republic of letters attested from 1702.
[2] nation (n.)c. 1300, from Old French nacion "birth, rank; descendants, relatives; country, homeland" (12c.) and directly from Latin nationem (nominative natio) "birth, origin; breed, stock, kind, species; race of people, tribe," literally "that which has been born," from natus, past participle of nasci "be born" (Old Latin gnasci), from PIE root *gene- "give birth, beget," with derivatives referring to procreation and familial and tribal groups.
Political sense has gradually predominated, but earliest English examples inclined toward the racial meaning "large group of people with common ancestry." Older sense preserved in application to North American Indian peoples (1640s). Nation-building first attested 1907 (implied in nation-builder).
[1] public (adj.) late 14c., "open to general observation," from Old French public (c. 1300) and directly from Latin publicus "of the people; of the state; done for the state," also "common, general, public; ordinary, vulgar," and as a noun, "a commonwealth; public property," altered (probably by influence of Latin pubes "adult population, adult") from Old Latin poplicus "pertaining to the people," from populus "people" (see people (n.)).
Early 15c. as "pertaining to the people." From late 15c. as "pertaining to public affairs;" meaning "open to all in the community" is from 1540s in English. An Old English adjective in this sense was folclic. Public relations first recorded 1913 (after an isolated use by Thomas Jefferson in 1807). Public office "position held by a public official" is from 1821; public service is from 1570s; public interest from 1670s. Public-spirited is from 1670s. Public enemy is attested from 1756. Public sector attested from 1949. Public funds (1713) are the funded debts of a government.
Public school is from 1570s, originally, in Britain, a grammar school endowed for the benefit of the public, but most have evolved into boarding-schools for the well-to-do. The main modern meaning in U.S., "school (usually free) provided at public expense and run by local authorities," is attested from 1640s. For public house, see pub.
public (n.) "the community," 1610s, from public (adj.); meaning "people in general" is from 1660s. In public "in public view, publicly" is attested from c. 1500.
republic (n.)
c. 1600, "state in which supreme power rests in the people via elected representatives," from Middle French république (15c.), from Latin respublica (ablative republica) "the common weal, a commonwealth, state, republic," literally res publica "public interest, the state," from res "affair, matter, thing" + publica, fem. of publicus "public" (see public (adj.)). Republic of letters attested from 1702.
[2] nation (n.)c. 1300, from Old French nacion "birth, rank; descendants, relatives; country, homeland" (12c.) and directly from Latin nationem (nominative natio) "birth, origin; breed, stock, kind, species; race of people, tribe," literally "that which has been born," from natus, past participle of nasci "be born" (Old Latin gnasci), from PIE root *gene- "give birth, beget," with derivatives referring to procreation and familial and tribal groups.
Political sense has gradually predominated, but earliest English examples inclined toward the racial meaning "large group of people with common ancestry." Older sense preserved in application to North American Indian peoples (1640s). Nation-building first attested 1907 (implied in nation-builder).