Oruç: Fast [1] [ Codex Cumanicus, 1303] jejunium –from Persian: oroza oldPersian rōzag - TR: oruǵ [oruc]
from Sogdian rōçag (roç=day from ruz) oruç tutma.
Iftar: [ İrşadü'l-Mülûk ve's-Selâtîn, 1387] birisi ifṭārını tizlemek turur
fromAR ifṭār إفطار oruç açma, kahvaltı etme; breaking fast EN.
Sahur: sahur [ Kıpçak Türkçesi Sözlüğü, 1500] [ Meninski, Thesaurus, 1680] saḥūr: temcīd mancası.
fromAR saḥūr سَحُور seher vakti yenen yemek from AR saḥar سَحَر tan ağarması; sunrise EN.
Ramazan: Ramadan EN
[ İrşadü'l-Mülûk ve's-Selâtîn, 1387]
kim ramaḍān ayı kilginçe barçasın birge kılur
from Arabic ramaḍān رمضان Pre islam monts of July-August. The 9th month. From Arabicr ramaḍ رمض dry heat EN; kuru sıcak TR.
Ninth month of the Muslim year, 1590s, from Arabic Ramadan (Turkish and Persian ramazan), originally "the hot month," from ramida "be burnt, scorched" (compare Mishnaic Hebrew remetz "hot ashes, embers"). In the Islamic lunar calendar, it passes through all seasons in a cycle of about 33 years, but evidently originally it was a summer month. Hebrew: remeṣ רֶמֶצ (amber, hot ash) kor, sıcak kül TR.
Kumanya: kumanya "yolluk, azık" TR; food prepared for the road EN.
[ Kahane & Tietze, The Lingua Franca in the Levant, 1560]
Etmek istersen eğer bağ-i cinanda manca/Amel ü zühd komanyasını vafir yüklen
From IT compagna
1. Ship’s store, gemi erzakının saklandığı depo TR.
2. Food supply for the ship, gemi erzakı TR.
from Latin compania "birlikte ekmek yeme"TR; to eat together EN
Kumpanya:"askeri birlik"; military unit, company EN
[ Ebubekir Ratib Ef., Nemçe Sefaretnamesi, 1792]
Bosna ahalisinden bir müselman olup kendi kompanyalarında olduğundan
kumpanya "şirket" [ Ahmet Vefik Paşa, Lugat-ı Osmani, 1876]
from IT compagnia birlik, yoldaşlık, şirket oldLatin compania yoldaşlık, lonca from Latin companion; who shares brea "ekmeğini paylaşan", yoldaş, comrade EN from Latin con+panis:bread company EN; compagnie FR
[1] fast (adv.) Old English fæste "firmly, securely; strictly;" also, perhaps, "speedily," from Proto-Germanic *fasto (source also of Old Saxon fasto, Old Frisian feste, Dutch vast, Old High German fasto, German fast "firmly, immovably, strongly, very"), from *fastu- (adj.) "firm, fast" (see fast (adj.)).
The meaning "quickly, swiftly, rapidly" was perhaps in Old English, certainly by c. 1200, probably from or developed under influence of Old Norse fast "firmly, fast." This sense developed, apparently in Scandinavian, from that of "firmly, strongly, vigorously" (to run hard means the same as to run fast; also compare fast asleep, also compare Old Norse drekka fast "to drink hard," telja fast "to give (someone) a severe lesson"). Or perhaps from the notion of a runner who "sticks" close to whatever he is chasing (compare Old Danish fast "much, swiftly, at once, near to, almost," and sense evolution of German fix "fast, fixed; fast, quick, nimble," from Latin fixus). The expression fast by "near, close, beside" also is said to be from Scandinavian. To fast talk someone (v.) is recorded by 1946.
fast (v.) "abstain from food," Old English fæstan "to fast" (as a religious duty), also "to make firm; establish, confirm, pledge," from Proto-Germanic *fastan "to hold fast, observe abstinence" (source also of Old Frisian festia, Old High German fasten, German fasten, Old Norse fasta "abstain from food"), from the same root as fast (adj.).
The original meaning in prehistoric Germanic was "hold firmly," and the sense evolved via "have firm control of oneself," to "hold oneself to observance" (compare Gothic fastan "to keep, observe," also "to fast"). Perhaps the Germanic sense shifted through use of the native words to translate Medieval Latin observare in its sense "to fast." The verb in the sense "to make fast" continued in Middle English, but was superseded by fasten. Related: Fasted; fasting.
fast (n.) "act of fasting," late Old English fæsten "voluntary abstinence from food and drink or from certain kinds of food," especially, but not necessarily, as a religious duty; either from the verb in Old English or from Old Norse fasta "a fast, fasting, season for fasting," from a Proto-Germanic noun formed from the verbal root of fast (v.). In earlier Old English fæsten meant "fortress, cloister, enclosure, prison."