A medal to Ismet pasha from a front organization of Fascist leanings.
Mavi Boncuk |
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One of the strongest voices Swiss perpetuate the universal message of the particular fate of the victims and stateless Armenian is the Waldensian pastor Antony Krafft-Bonnard (1869-1945), director of the two foci of Armenian orphans in Begnins and Geneva as finance Swiss philanthropists. He denounced the pitfalls of Realpolitik myopic, in particular the treatment of stateless refugees by the Conference. Before the success of the radical ethno-nationalism in Europe in 1930, Krafft-Bonnard increasingly lonely figure preaching in the desert, but his testimony is that even more important.
On the other side of the spectrum from Switzerland to the Conference, there are the Vaud Colonel Arthur Fonjallaz[1]. As president of both the Society of Friends of Turkey as the Swiss Society of Business in the East plays an active role behind the scenes of the Conference. In the salons of the Lausanne-Palace which houses the Turkish delegation, he tries to initiate Swiss lucrative contracts with representatives of new nation-state. It also serves as an intermediary between the Turkish delegation and the Federal Council who declined to establish itself contacts. Federal Councillor Schulthess load a collaborator to visit, along with Fonjallaz, Cheref Mustafa Bey, the former trade minister, and Ismet Pasha in Lausanne June 29, 1923. The two Swiss delegates believe that Turkish officials are in favor of projects of Swiss companies. Schulthess yet do not share their opinion and refuses the rapid preparation of establishing trade treaties before the end of the Conference. The Federal Council responds favorably against the wishes of the head of the Turkish delegation to visit him in Bern. On 26 July, two days after the signing of the Treaty, the service had to go get Lausanne. Ismet Pasha and Colonel Riza Nur Tewfik Bey are welcomed in Bern by the President of the Confederation Scheurer.
In September 1923 a committee chaired by Swiss Fonjallaz and intends to build sustainable economic reports left for Ankara. This is a private mission, the Confederation is not officially represented in Turkey in 1926. In December 1923, a Union business in East SA brings together more than a dozen of the biggest names in the Swiss industry is in the halls of Lausanne-Palace Fonjallaz up to his presidency. While some companies are rooted successfully Fonjallaz, the pioneer and a great admirer of the "new Turkey" loses his fortune in his Turkish adventure. Subsequently, it has emerged as one of the most profile fascists in Switzerland, linking veneration of Ataturk than Mussolini.
See[2] for French original Text.
SOURCE: Macro et micro histoire autour de la Conférence sur le Proche-Orient tenue à Lausanne en 1922–23 by Hans-Lukas Kieser
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[1] Arthur Fonjallaz (January 2, 1875-January 24, 1944) was a Swiss military figure, publisher and fascist. The son of a vineyard owner from Lausanne (he was born in nearby Prilly) he attended the Military Academy of Modena and pursued a successful career in the Swiss Army, achieving the highest peace time rank of brigadier general whilst commanding the 4th Infantry Brigade.
Fonjallaz took an early interest in politics, although his ideas were ill-defined as he was both a radical and an admirer of Enrico Corradini, whilst also becoming involved in an agrarian progentior of the Swiss People's Party. Leaving the party in 1932, he took up a post as principal of military sciences and war history at the École Polytechnique Féderal in Zürich[3] Colonel Fonjallaz was, however, relieved of his duties in 1933 after it came to light that he had been a member of the governing board of the fascistic Heimatwehr as well as the National Front, both of which were noted for their virulent anti-Semitism. The wealthy Fonjallaz then set up Helvetic Action Against Secret Societies which was particularly geared towards opposing Freemasonry. Taking advantage of the initiative process, Fonjallaz attempted to pass an amendment to the Swiss Federal Constitution banning the practice, but this was defeated in 1937.[5] In 1932, he had also led a group of his supporters to Italy for a meeting with Benito Mussolini and became a strong supporter of Italian fascism as a result. He soon founded the Swiss Fascist Federation, which received 2 million lira a year from Mussolini. A devoted follower of Mussolini, he spoke of the power of the rhetoric of Il Duce in glowing terms.
FRENCH ORIGINAL TEXT
SOURCE: Macro et micro histoire autour de la Conférence sur le Proche-Orient tenue à Lausanne en 1922–23 by Hans-Lukas Kieser
[2] Une des voix helvétiques les plus vigoureuses qui perpétuent le message universel du destin particulier des victimes et apatrides arméniens est le pasteur vaudois Antony Krafft-Bonnard (1869—1945), le directeur des deux foyers d’orphelins arméniens à Begnins et à Genève que financent des philanthropes suisses. Il fustige les pièges d’une Realpolitik myope, en particulier le traitement des réfugiés apatrides par la Conférence. Devant les succès de l’ethno-nationalisme radical en Europe dans les années 1930, Krafft-Bonnard fait de plus en plus figure de solitaire prêchant dans le désert, mais son témoignage n’en est que d’autant plus important.
De l’autre côté du spectre helvétique par rapport à la Conférence, on trouve le colonel vaudois Arthur Fonjallaz. En tant que président aussi bien de la Société des amis de la Turquie que de la Société Suisse d’Entreprises en Orient il joue un rôle actif dans les coulisses de la Conférence. Dans les salons du Lausanne-Palace où loge la délégation turque, il essaie d’initier des contrats suisses lucratifs avec les représentants du nouvel Etat-nation. Il sert également d’intermédiaire entre la délégation turque et le Conseil fédéral qui s’est abstenu de nouer lui-même des contacts. Le conseiller fédéral Schulthess charge un collaborateur de rendre visite, en compagnie de Fonjallaz, à Mustafa Chéref bey, l’ancien ministre du commerce, et à Ismet pacha à Lausanne le 29 juin 1923. Les deux délégués suisses croient que les représentants turcs sont favorables aux projets des entreprises suisses. Schulthess pourtant ne partage pas leur opinion et refuse la préparation rapide de traités d’établissement de commerce avant la fin de la Conférence. Le conseil fédéral répond par contre favorablement au désir du chef de la délégation turc de lui rendre visite à Berne. Le 26 juillet, deux jours après la signature du Traité, le service des avions va le chercher à Lausanne. Ismet pacha, Riza Nur et le colonel Tewfik bey sont accueillis à Berne par le Président de la Confédération Scheurer.
En septembre 1923 une mission suisse présidée par Fonjallaz et qui se propose de nouer des rapports économiques durables part pour Ankara. C’est une mission privée, la Confédération n’étant officiellement représentée en Turquie qu’en 1926. En décembre 1923, un Syndicat d’entreprises en Orient S.A. qui réunit plus d’une douzaine des grands noms de l’industrie suisse se constitue dans les salons du Lausanne-Palace et place Fonjallaz à sa présidence. Tandis que certaines entreprises s’enracinent avec succès, Fonjallaz, le pionnier et grand admirateur de la "nouvelle Turquie" perd sa fortune dans ses aventures turques. Par la suite, il est apparu comme un des fascistes les plus profilés en Suisse, liant sa vénération d’Atatürk à celle de Mussolini.
Mavi Boncuk |
One of the strongest voices Swiss perpetuate the universal message of the particular fate of the victims and stateless Armenian is the Waldensian pastor Antony Krafft-Bonnard (1869-1945), director of the two foci of Armenian orphans in Begnins and Geneva as finance Swiss philanthropists. He denounced the pitfalls of Realpolitik myopic, in particular the treatment of stateless refugees by the Conference. Before the success of the radical ethno-nationalism in Europe in 1930, Krafft-Bonnard increasingly lonely figure preaching in the desert, but his testimony is that even more important.
On the other side of the spectrum from Switzerland to the Conference, there are the Vaud Colonel Arthur Fonjallaz[1]. As president of both the Society of Friends of Turkey as the Swiss Society of Business in the East plays an active role behind the scenes of the Conference. In the salons of the Lausanne-Palace which houses the Turkish delegation, he tries to initiate Swiss lucrative contracts with representatives of new nation-state. It also serves as an intermediary between the Turkish delegation and the Federal Council who declined to establish itself contacts. Federal Councillor Schulthess load a collaborator to visit, along with Fonjallaz, Cheref Mustafa Bey, the former trade minister, and Ismet Pasha in Lausanne June 29, 1923. The two Swiss delegates believe that Turkish officials are in favor of projects of Swiss companies. Schulthess yet do not share their opinion and refuses the rapid preparation of establishing trade treaties before the end of the Conference. The Federal Council responds favorably against the wishes of the head of the Turkish delegation to visit him in Bern. On 26 July, two days after the signing of the Treaty, the service had to go get Lausanne. Ismet Pasha and Colonel Riza Nur Tewfik Bey are welcomed in Bern by the President of the Confederation Scheurer.
In September 1923 a committee chaired by Swiss Fonjallaz and intends to build sustainable economic reports left for Ankara. This is a private mission, the Confederation is not officially represented in Turkey in 1926. In December 1923, a Union business in East SA brings together more than a dozen of the biggest names in the Swiss industry is in the halls of Lausanne-Palace Fonjallaz up to his presidency. While some companies are rooted successfully Fonjallaz, the pioneer and a great admirer of the "new Turkey" loses his fortune in his Turkish adventure. Subsequently, it has emerged as one of the most profile fascists in Switzerland, linking veneration of Ataturk than Mussolini.
See[2] for French original Text.
SOURCE: Macro et micro histoire autour de la Conférence sur le Proche-Orient tenue à Lausanne en 1922–23 by Hans-Lukas Kieser
[1] Arthur Fonjallaz (January 2, 1875-January 24, 1944) was a Swiss military figure, publisher and fascist. The son of a vineyard owner from Lausanne (he was born in nearby Prilly) he attended the Military Academy of Modena and pursued a successful career in the Swiss Army, achieving the highest peace time rank of brigadier general whilst commanding the 4th Infantry Brigade.Fonjallaz took an early interest in politics, although his ideas were ill-defined as he was both a radical and an admirer of Enrico Corradini, whilst also becoming involved in an agrarian progentior of the Swiss People's Party. Leaving the party in 1932, he took up a post as principal of military sciences and war history at the École Polytechnique Féderal in Zürich[3] Colonel Fonjallaz was, however, relieved of his duties in 1933 after it came to light that he had been a member of the governing board of the fascistic Heimatwehr as well as the National Front, both of which were noted for their virulent anti-Semitism. The wealthy Fonjallaz then set up Helvetic Action Against Secret Societies which was particularly geared towards opposing Freemasonry. Taking advantage of the initiative process, Fonjallaz attempted to pass an amendment to the Swiss Federal Constitution banning the practice, but this was defeated in 1937.[5] In 1932, he had also led a group of his supporters to Italy for a meeting with Benito Mussolini and became a strong supporter of Italian fascism as a result. He soon founded the Swiss Fascist Federation, which received 2 million lira a year from Mussolini. A devoted follower of Mussolini, he spoke of the power of the rhetoric of Il Duce in glowing terms.
FRENCH ORIGINAL TEXT
SOURCE: Macro et micro histoire autour de la Conférence sur le Proche-Orient tenue à Lausanne en 1922–23 by Hans-Lukas Kieser
[2] Une des voix helvétiques les plus vigoureuses qui perpétuent le message universel du destin particulier des victimes et apatrides arméniens est le pasteur vaudois Antony Krafft-Bonnard (1869—1945), le directeur des deux foyers d’orphelins arméniens à Begnins et à Genève que financent des philanthropes suisses. Il fustige les pièges d’une Realpolitik myope, en particulier le traitement des réfugiés apatrides par la Conférence. Devant les succès de l’ethno-nationalisme radical en Europe dans les années 1930, Krafft-Bonnard fait de plus en plus figure de solitaire prêchant dans le désert, mais son témoignage n’en est que d’autant plus important.
De l’autre côté du spectre helvétique par rapport à la Conférence, on trouve le colonel vaudois Arthur Fonjallaz. En tant que président aussi bien de la Société des amis de la Turquie que de la Société Suisse d’Entreprises en Orient il joue un rôle actif dans les coulisses de la Conférence. Dans les salons du Lausanne-Palace où loge la délégation turque, il essaie d’initier des contrats suisses lucratifs avec les représentants du nouvel Etat-nation. Il sert également d’intermédiaire entre la délégation turque et le Conseil fédéral qui s’est abstenu de nouer lui-même des contacts. Le conseiller fédéral Schulthess charge un collaborateur de rendre visite, en compagnie de Fonjallaz, à Mustafa Chéref bey, l’ancien ministre du commerce, et à Ismet pacha à Lausanne le 29 juin 1923. Les deux délégués suisses croient que les représentants turcs sont favorables aux projets des entreprises suisses. Schulthess pourtant ne partage pas leur opinion et refuse la préparation rapide de traités d’établissement de commerce avant la fin de la Conférence. Le conseil fédéral répond par contre favorablement au désir du chef de la délégation turc de lui rendre visite à Berne. Le 26 juillet, deux jours après la signature du Traité, le service des avions va le chercher à Lausanne. Ismet pacha, Riza Nur et le colonel Tewfik bey sont accueillis à Berne par le Président de la Confédération Scheurer.
En septembre 1923 une mission suisse présidée par Fonjallaz et qui se propose de nouer des rapports économiques durables part pour Ankara. C’est une mission privée, la Confédération n’étant officiellement représentée en Turquie qu’en 1926. En décembre 1923, un Syndicat d’entreprises en Orient S.A. qui réunit plus d’une douzaine des grands noms de l’industrie suisse se constitue dans les salons du Lausanne-Palace et place Fonjallaz à sa présidence. Tandis que certaines entreprises s’enracinent avec succès, Fonjallaz, le pionnier et grand admirateur de la "nouvelle Turquie" perd sa fortune dans ses aventures turques. Par la suite, il est apparu comme un des fascistes les plus profilés en Suisse, liant sa vénération d’Atatürk à celle de Mussolini.